Adolescence

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Questions and Answers

What is the average age by which boys generally begin to surpass girls in weight during adolescence?

Age 14 (correct)

Age 15

Age 13

Age 12

Which of the following is classified as a primary sexual characteristic?

Penis (correct)

Voice changes

Facial hair growth

Breast development

What is the first sign of puberty in males?

Voice changes

Ejaculation

Growth spurt

Thinning of the scrotal sac (correct)

What significant event typically occurs approximately 2 years after the appearance of breast buds in females?

Menarche Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily responsible for the stimulation of secondary sexual characteristics, except for axillary and pubic hair growth?

Estrogen Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of males had their first heterosexual intercourse prior to the age of 14 years?

28% Signup and view all the answers

How much height do boys generally grow during puberty compared to girls?

10 to 30 cm for boys, 5 to 20 cm for girls Signup and view all the answers

Which contraceptive method is chosen by 70% of both males and females?

Condoms Signup and view all the answers

What is the common misconception about the timing of weight increases in boys and girls during early adolescence?

Weight increases happen before height increases Signup and view all the answers

What happens to breast development in males during early puberty?

It is usually temporary and disappears Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following groups is reported to have a higher risk of mood and anxiety disorders?

2SLGBTQIA+ youth Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the challenges associated with adolescent pregnancies?

Higher rates of hypertensive disorders Signup and view all the answers

What risk are infants born to adolescent parents more likely to face?

Low birth weights Signup and view all the answers

What is the suggested role of nurses in relation to youth sexual health?

Create a supportive, non-judgemental climate Signup and view all the answers

Which population has a higher likelihood of being victims of violence?

Women aged 15 to 24 Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence faced by adolescent mothers compared to their peers?

Higher likelihood of interruption in education Signup and view all the answers

What is a common outcome of successful identity development during adolescence?

Ability to be true to themselves Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is most likely to indicate a risk of social isolation in adolescents?

Refusing a classmate's visit Signup and view all the answers

What role do peers play in shaping an adolescent's self-perception?

Peers can significantly influence self-perception. Signup and view all the answers

What is one positive strategy parents can use to support their adolescent during this transformative period?

Willingness to listen and ongoing affection Signup and view all the answers

Which skill is NOT typically associated with the increased cognitive development during adolescence?

Diminished vocabulary skills Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about adolescent sexuality is true?

Affection and experimentation can motivate sexual activity. Signup and view all the answers

What is an effective nursing intervention to encourage adolescents’ independence in their care?

Encouraging questions and participation Signup and view all the answers

What could acute threats to an adolescent's identity potentially lead to?

Delinquent behavior and mental health issues Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about body image issues during adolescence is false?

Body art and piercing have no influence on self-perception. Signup and view all the answers

What is a concept that is closely related to the ability to delay immediate gratification in adolescents?

Future orientation Signup and view all the answers

What primarily mediates the physical changes experienced during adolescence?

Hormonal regulatory systems Signup and view all the answers

At what age should males seek an endocrine evaluation if they have not started pubertal development?

14 years Signup and view all the answers

How do adolescents' thoughts typically change during this developmental stage?

They become more abstract and idealistic Signup and view all the answers

Which sequence correctly describes the relationship between adolescence and puberty?

Puberty is a phase within adolescence Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of body image is heightened during adolescence?

Awareness of physical attractiveness Signup and view all the answers

Which glands play a role in the hormonal changes during adolescence?

Pituitary and gonads Signup and view all the answers

How does the timing of puberty typically differ between males and females?

Females usually begin puberty 2 years earlier than males Signup and view all the answers

What significant change occurs in peer relationships during adolescence?

They become more intimate and explorative Signup and view all the answers

Which group is most likely to experience unintentional injury during adolescence?

Those who drive during nighttime hours Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom associated with major depressive disorders?

Feelings of hopelessness Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is NOT associated with higher pregnancy likelihood in adolescents?

Having supportive family relationships Signup and view all the answers

What can be a consequence of substance abuse among adolescents?

Higher rates of hospitalization for overdoses Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a recognized contributing factor to adolescent violence?

Exposure to bullying in digital environments Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of females are diagnosed with major depressive disorders?

12% Signup and view all the answers

What is the second leading cause of death among individuals aged 10 to 24 years?

Suicide Signup and view all the answers

Which method is recommended to prevent unintentional injuries while driving?

Avoiding driving at night Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common source of infectious mononucleosis, often referred to as the 'kissing disease'?

Direct contact with oral secretions Signup and view all the answers

Which substance use issue is noted as being one of the fastest-growing rates of hospitalization among adolescents?

Opioid overdoses Signup and view all the answers

What physical change is most likely to occur due to puberty in relation to the voice?

Voice becomes deeper due to enlarged laryngeal cartilages Signup and view all the answers

Which issue is particularly common among early maturing girls during adolescence?

Higher risk of disordered eating behaviors Signup and view all the answers

What is a common concern related to the sleep-rest pattern during adolescence?

Risk of sleep deprivation due to multiple responsibilities Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes Anorexia Nervosa as a disorder?

Relentless pursuit of thinness and significant weight loss Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following findings pertains to scoliosis during adolescence?

S-shaped curvature of the spine is a common indicator Signup and view all the answers

What health behavior is often associated with adolescent risk-taking?

Experimentation with various substances Signup and view all the answers

How does body image perception change during puberty?

Increased dissatisfaction with body image Signup and view all the answers

What factor increases the risk of Type 2 diabetes in adolescents?

Obesity and inactivity Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant behavioral warning sign of Bulimia Nervosa?

Alternating between binge eating and purging Signup and view all the answers

Which pattern reflects the way adolescents might manage their health perception?

Negative health choices and outcomes Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential aspect of the Nutritional–Metabolic Pattern in adolescents?

Peer pressure influencing dietary habits Signup and view all the answers

What frequently affects the elimination pattern in adolescents?

Issues relating to privacy and self-protection Signup and view all the answers

During puberty, which respiratory change is typically observed?

Vital capacity and volume generally increase Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior is reported as a coping strategy among adolescents?

Excessive use of electronic devices for distraction Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Adolescence Overview

Adolescence is a period of significant biological, psychological, emotional, and cognitive change.
Adolescents face new experiences and developmental tasks.
Physical changes are primarily mediated by hormonal systems in the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, gonads, and adrenal glands.
Relationships with parents transform, peer interactions become more intimate, and sexual exploration begins.
Adolescent thoughts become more abstract and idealistic, and biological changes heighten interest in body image.

Biological and Genetic Factors

Adolescence is distinct from puberty.
Puberty is the development process that leads to fertility.
During puberty, physical changes occur in a predictable sequence, but timing varies among individuals.
Females usually begin puberty 2 years earlier than males.
Adolescents who do not follow the normal sequence or who have not begun pubertal development by age 14 (males) and 13 (females) should be evaluated by an endocrine specialist.
Puberty includes an accelerated growth spurt, which begins earlier in girls than in boys.
Height and weight increases during puberty, with weight increases often following height increases.
Changes in primary and secondary sexual characteristics accompany puberty.

Sexual Maturation, Height, and Weight

Pinpointing the start and end of puberty is difficult, but the changes are most noticeable in sexual maturation, height, and weight.
Early adolescence often sees girls weighing more than boys, but by age 14 boys generally outweigh girls.
During this period, boys experience a height increase of 10-30 cm (4 to 12 inches), while girls' height increases 5 to 20 cm (2 to 8 inches).
Weight increases with height, related to fat, bone, and muscle tissue development.

Primary & Secondary Sexual Characteristics

Primary characteristics are organs directly needed for reproduction (penis, testes, vagina, ovaries, etc).
Secondary characteristics, which are not essential for reproduction, include breast development, pubic hair, facial hair, and voice changes.
Gynecomastia (breast development in males) is usually temporary and resolves during puberty.
Thinning of the scrotal sac and testicular enlargement are first signs of puberty in males.
Breast budding is the initial sign of puberty in females, followed by the growth spurt.
Menarche (first menstruation) occurs roughly two years after breast budding, near the end of the growth spurt.

Other Physical Changes

Heart: Heart grows in size and strength, with a decrease in heart rate.
Blood volume and blood pressure typically increase.
Respiratory: Rate of breathing decreases to 15-20 bpm; lung capacity increases.
Integumentary (skin): Sweat and oil glands become more active, leading to acne.
Voice: Voice deepens in males during puberty; laryngeal cartilages enlarge, significantly impacting males during puberty.
Scoliosis: Curvature of the spine; more common in females.

Scoliosis

Approximately 10% of adolescents experience mild spinal asymmetry.
Curves greater than 20 degrees are considered abnormal.
Curvature of the spine may worsen with continued growth.

Gordon's Functional Health Patterns

Gordon's Functional Health Patterns are a framework for assessing an adolescent's health.
Several functional categories include Health Perception-Health Management, Nutritional-Metabolic, Elimination, Activity-Exercise, Sleep-Rest, Cognitive-Perceptual, Self-Perception-Self-Concept, Roles-Relationships, Sexuality-Reproductive, Coping-Stress Tolerance, and Values-Beliefs.

Health Perception-Health Management

Adolescents often experience less acute illness compared to younger children or adults.
Partnering with adolescents during care, focusing on strengths, and promoting autonomy are key aspects of care.
Social media is often a source of health information sought by teens.

Nutritional-Metabolic

Ideal body image is a significant factor.
There is an emphasis on dieting among teens.
Dietary intake is a way for teens to gain control.
Increased needs are present during adolescent growth spurts.
Increased risk for unhealthy eating habits and nutritional deficiencies.

Body Image

Preoccupation with body image is pronounced during adolescence, more so during puberty, which can lead to dissatisfaction with one's body.
Media portrayals often reinforce the ideal of a thin body, causing difficulties for adolescents.
Early-maturing girls may experience more negative body-related experiences than their peers.
Early-maturing boys may be prone to weight gain, which may influence their bodies and behaviours.

Disordered Eating

Anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge-eating disorder, and overweight/obesity are disorders that can arise during adolescence.

Anorexia Nervosa

A relentless pursuit of thinness, self-starving, compulsive exercise, hyper-focus on food intake and calculation of calories may result in anorexia nervosa.

Bulimia Nervosa

This disorder includes episodes of eating large amounts of food, followed by behaviours that attempt to compensate (purging).

Time Orientation and Language Skills

Adolescents develop future orientation and are able to delay gratification.
Cognitive skills and language understanding, receptive and expressive vocabulary, slang, and electronic communication improve

Strategies and Nursing Interventions

Nurses play a crucial role in promoting health, preventing illness, and providing education.
Interventions should prioritize independence, privacy, and socializing.
Communication is key to building rapport.

Self-Perception-Self-Concept

Peer pressure plays a significant role in adolescent self-perception, impacting self-image, body image, body art/piercing, and gender dysphoria.
Anticipatory guidance, counseling, and education about healthy decisions improve self-perception.

Roles-Relationships

Adolescents' roles undergo change, often causing family stress as independence increases.
Positive strategies include willingness to listen, providing ongoing affection, and negotiating boundaries.
Peer groups play a strong role in an adolescent's life, influencing their choices, behaviours, and social identity.

Sexuality-Reproductive

Adolescents become sexually active for various reasons, including peer pressure, seeking affection, and exploring feelings of maturity.
Dating and sexual exploration are common.
Condoms are a widely used contraceptive method.
2SLGBTQIA+ youth have unique considerations, potentially including greater risks of bullying and social isolation.

Adolescent Sexual Issues

Sexual assault is a serious issue in this age group, with Indigenous women disproportionately affected.
Sexting and sexually transmitted diseases are concerns.
Adolescent pregnancy continues to be a risk.

Adolescent Pregnancy and Health

The social stigma surrounding teen pregnancy has lessened.
Teen mothers experience higher rates of mental health problems, interrupted education, and low birth weight infants.
Counselling and support systems are vital for teens facing pregnancy.

Those Most Likely to Become Pregnant

Teens with family problems, those exhibiting frequent absenteeism, or lacking vocational goals, those were born to adolescent mothers, or experienced early puberty are more likely to become pregnant.

Coping-Stress Tolerance

The ability to cope is tested during adolescence.
Depression and suicide are important concerns in this population.
Depression may involve low mood, sadness, loss of interest and pleasure, difficulty sleeping, agitated behaviour, feelings of hopelessness.
Suicidal ideation and attempts are a significant cause of death in adolescents and require vigilant monitoring.
Nurses need to recognize warning signs and seek professional intervention.

Physical Agents

Unintentional injuries, e.g., motor vehicle accidents, are a leading cause of death in adolescents.
Sports injuries, violence (physical, verbal, social, cyberbullying/sexortion), and exposure to infections are also significant physical risks.

Infections

Sexually transmitted blood-borne infections (STBBIs), meningitis, and infectious mononucleosis are infectious risks affecting adolescents.

Chemical Agents

Substance use (e.g., alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, e-cigarettes) is a concern during adolescence, which can lead to substance use and abuse.

Nursing Application

Nurses play a crucial role in influencing health promotion, screening and disease prevention during adolescence.
Nurses must educate adolescents about predicted changes in their lives and provide tools to deal with any issues that arise.

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