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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is a sign of hypoxia?
What happens to the heart rate during a breathing or cardiac emergency?
What is cyanosis?
Which of the following is the correct breathing rate for an adult?
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What is the percentage of oxygen in the air we breathe?
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What is the percentage of oxygen provided by rescue breaths?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of variable-flow-rate oxygen?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of fixed-flow-rate oxygen?
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Which of the following is a common feature of fixed-flow-rate oxygen units?
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Which organization's label must be present on the oxygen container?
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Before placing the delivery device over the face, what must be ensured about the oxygen?
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What should not be used to lubricate or clean the regulator?
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Which of the following should you NOT do when moving or lifting cylinders?
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What should you NOT attempt to do with an oxygen cylinder?
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What should you be cautious of when defibrillating someone around oxygen?
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Which flow rate is recommended for delivering oxygen through a nasal cannula to someone who is already breathing?
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What is the percentage of oxygen that can be delivered through a nasal cannula at a flow rate of 6 LPM?
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At what flow rate should a nasal cannula be left in a fixed flow rate?
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Which flow rate range is recommended for resuscitation masks when used with an oxygen inlet?
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What is the percentage range of oxygen delivered through resuscitation masks for a nonbreathing or breathing victim?
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What is the main purpose of using an oxygen inlet with resuscitation masks?
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What is the recommended flow rate for a non-rebreather mask?
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What is the primary advantage of using a non-rebreather mask?
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Which of the following is a key feature of a non-rebreather mask?
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What is the recommended flow rate for a non-rebreather mask?
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What is the purpose of the one-way valve in a non-rebreather mask?
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Which of the following is the recommended flow rate for delivering oxygen through a Bag-Valve-Mask resuscitator?
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What is the maximum percentage of oxygen that can be delivered through a Bag-Valve-Mask resuscitator?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of Bag-Valve-Mask resuscitators?
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Which body part can the pulse oximetry sensor be placed on?
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What is the purpose of pulse oximetry?
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What are the two types of pulse oximetry?
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Which of the following is a precaution for using pulse oximetry?
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What happens when a person is exposed to carbon monoxide and pulse oximetry is used?
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Why can't a pulse oximeter differentiate between different forms of hemoglobin, even when saturated with carbon monoxide?
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Which of the following is the correct oxygen saturation level to use oxygen therapy according to pulse oximetry?
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What is the normal oxygen saturation level according to pulse oximetry?
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In what context is oxygen often used as a treatment according to the text?
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Which of the following is NOT a common airway adjunct used when treating a victim in an emergency?
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What are the three main functions of airway adjuncts?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a patent airway?
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Which type of suction removes blood, fluid, pulmonary secretions, and food particles in an airway?
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What are the two types of mechanical suction?
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Which type of suction is hand-powered?
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Which of the following is an indication for suctioning according to the text?
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What can impede breathing and require suctioning according to the text?
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What is the purpose of using the recovery position and finger sweep according to the text?
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Which of the following is a contraindication for using suction?
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What is a contraindication for using suction in the throat?
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What type of trauma is a contraindication for using suction in the throat?
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What should be done before sweeping out large debris particles during suctioning?
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When should the body be rolled during suctioning?
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What is the purpose of turning the head to the side during suctioning?
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How long should suction be applied in an adult?
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What is the recommended duration of suction in an infant according to the text?
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Where should the suction tip be inserted during suctioning?
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Which of the following is a recommended safety precaution when using suction?
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What should be done if oxygen saturation levels are below the recommended range during suctioning?
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What is the relationship between suction duration and oxygen deprivation in a victim?
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Study Notes
Signs and Characteristics of Hypoxia
- Signs of hypoxia include cyanosis, which is a bluish discoloration of the skin due to inadequate oxygenation.
- During breathing or cardiac emergencies, the heart rate typically increases in response to decreased oxygen levels.
Breathing Rates and Oxygen Concentration
- Normal adult breathing rate ranges from 12 to 20 breaths per minute.
- Ambient air contains approximately 21% oxygen.
- Rescue breaths deliver about 16% oxygen to the patient.
Oxygen Delivery Systems
- Variable-flow-rate oxygen systems allow for adjustments in flow rate based on patient needs.
- Fixed-flow-rate oxygen systems provide a preset oxygen flow, typically benefiting consistent delivery.
- Common features of fixed-flow-rate units include standardized flow settings and ease of use.
Safety and Handling of Oxygen Cylinders
- Oxygen containers must have a recognized organization's label, ensuring safety and compliance.
- Before using an oxygen delivery device, ensure the oxygen flow is active and functioning properly.
- Lubricating or cleaning regulators should never be done with petroleum-based products to avoid flammability risk.
- When moving cylinders, do not roll or drag them to prevent damage.
- Avoid attempting to alter or repair oxygen cylinders.
Precautions in Emergency Situations
- When using a defibrillator, be cautious of the presence of oxygen, as it can increase fire risk.
- For patients already breathing, a nasal cannula should deliver oxygen at 1-6 LPM.
- A nasal cannula can deliver approximately 22-44% oxygen at 6 LPM.
- Nasal cannulas should be set to a fixed flow rate for consistent delivery.
Resuscitation Masks and Oxygen Flow
- Recommended flow rates for resuscitation masks range from 6 LPM to 15 LPM, providing up to 90% oxygen to non-breathing victims.
- The main purpose of the oxygen inlet with resuscitation masks is to deliver high concentrations of oxygen during emergencies.
- A non-rebreather mask should be used at a flow rate of 10-15 LPM, capable of delivering nearly 100% oxygen.
- The one-way valve on a non-rebreather mask prevents exhaled air from re-entering the bag.
Bag-Valve-Mask Resuscitators
- Bag-Valve-Mask (BVM) devices should be used at a flow rate of 15 LPM, delivering a maximum of 100% oxygen.
- BVMs allow for effective ventilation; their size helps create a seal around the patient's airway.
Pulse Oximetry
- Pulse oximetry sensors can be placed on fingers, earlobes, or foreheads to measure oxygen saturation.
- The function of pulse oximetry is to monitor blood oxygen levels non-invasively.
- There are two types of pulse oximetry: handheld and bedside units.
- Pulse oximetry can misread oxygen saturation if carbon monoxide is present in the bloodstream.
Oxygen Saturation Levels
- Oxygen therapy is indicated for patients with saturation levels below 90%.
- Normal oxygen saturation levels range from 95% to 100%.
Airway Adjuncts and Suctioning
- Common airway adjuncts facilitate maintaining patent airways, assisting in ventilation, and improving patient outcomes.
- Patent airways are clear, unobstructed, and permit air passage.
- Suctioning removes blood, fluids, and other material from the airway to assist breathing.
- Two types of mechanical suction: electric and manual.
- Hand-powered suction units are suitable for emergencies without electrical access.
Suctioning Protocols
- Indications for suctioning include visible obstructions or excessive secretions.
- Contraindications for suctioning include severe facial trauma that could cause further injury.
- Suction should not exceed 15 seconds for adults and 5 seconds for infants to minimize oxygen deprivation.
- Position the patient on their side to allow for gravity to assist in draining fluids during suctioning.
Safety Precautions
- Turn the patient's head to the side during suctioning to prevent aspiration.
- If oxygen saturation levels drop during suctioning, immediately pause and reassess the airway and suctioning technique.
- There is a direct correlation between prolonged suction duration and the risk of oxygen deprivation, necessitating caution.
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Description
Test your knowledge on recognizing signs of hypoxia in breathing or cardiac emergencies. Learn about the increased heart and breathing rates, changes in consciousness, restlessness, chest pain, and cyanosis (bluish lips and nail beds) that indicate a reduced supply of oxygen to the brain, heart, and blood cells.
