GEN ZOO QUIZ 4 REVIEW

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of mRNA in protein synthesis?

To serve as a template for protein synthesis (correct)

To replicate DNA sequences

To store genetic information

To carry amino acids to ribosomes

Which Mendelian law states that alleles segregate randomly during meiosis?

Law of Segregation (correct)

Law of Assortment

Law of Dominance

Law of Independent Assortment

In which Mendelian law are new combinations of traits explained?

Law of Incomplete Dominance

Law of Segregation

Law of Independent Assortment (correct)

Law of Co-dominance

What characterizes the Law of Dominance in genetics?

Dominant alleles completely mask recessive alleles Signup and view all the answers

How does the Law of Incomplete Dominance differ from complete dominance?

It results in an intermediate phenotype Signup and view all the answers

What type of genetic inheritance involves more than two alleles for a single trait?

Multiple alleles Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the role of tRNA in protein synthesis?

It carries amino acids to the ribosome Signup and view all the answers

What impact does the Law of Co-dominance have on phenotypes?

Both alleles are fully expressed in a heterozygous condition Signup and view all the answers

In the structure of DNA, what forms the sugar-phosphate backbone?

Alternating phosphate and sugar molecules Signup and view all the answers

Which nitrogenous base is found in RNA but not in DNA?

Uracil Signup and view all the answers

What was the conclusion from Frederick Griffith's experiment with Streptococcus pneumoniae?

The rough strain can be made virulent. Signup and view all the answers

Who was the first to confirm the helical structure of DNA?

Rosalind Franklin Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following base pairs correctly matches in DNA?

Adenine - Thymine Signup and view all the answers

What does the Central Dogma of Life describe?

Flow of genetic information Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about purines and pyrimidines is correct?

Adenine and guanine are considered purines Signup and view all the answers

What was the role of X-ray diffraction in the discovery of DNA's structure?

To visualize molecular arrangements Signup and view all the answers

What happens to thymine in RNA?

It is replaced by uracil. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of helicase in DNA replication?

To unzip the DNA double helix Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing RNA during transcription?

RNA polymerase Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of DNA replication does elongation occur?

When DNA nucleotides are added to the new strand Signup and view all the answers

How does DNA polymerase function in relation to the DNA strands?

It synthesizes new DNA from the 5' to 3' direction Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the conservative copy of DNA during replication?

It ensures the original DNA is preserved Signup and view all the answers

Which base pairs with adenine in DNA?

Thymine Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the termination phase of DNA replication?

Gaps in the DNA are filled Signup and view all the answers

In RNA transcription, which of these processes occurs after RNA is synthesized?

RNA exits the nucleus to the cytoplasm Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

DNA: The Genetic Material

DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid, a biological macromolecule essential for genetic information storage.
Structure of DNA consists of nucleotides, each comprising a phosphate group, a deoxyribose sugar, and nitrogenous bases.
DNA has a double helix shape, resembling a twisted ladder with a sugar-phosphate backbone and nitrogenous bases as rungs.
Nitrogenous bases include purines (adenine and guanine) with two rings, and pyrimidines (cytosine and thymine) with one ring.
Base pairing rules: adenine pairs with thymine, and guanine pairs with cytosine.

RNA

RNA stands for ribonucleic acid, made of a phosphate group, ribose sugar, and nitrogenous bases.
RNA is typically single-stranded and contains uracil instead of thymine.
Base pairing rules in RNA: adenine pairs with uracil, and guanine pairs with cytosine.

Frederick Griffith's Experiment

Conducted in 1928 on Streptococcus pneumoniae to identify genetic transformation.
Two strains observed: virulent (smooth) with a protective capsule and nonvirulent (rough) without a capsule.
Mice injected with the smooth strain die, but those with the heat-killed smooth strain survive.
Mixing heat-killed smooth strain with rough strain leads to mouse death, indicating DNA transfer from smooth to rough strain.

Key Figures in DNA Discovery

James Watson, Francis Crick, and Maurice Wilkins published DNA structure findings in 1962 but did not discover DNA itself.
Rosalind Franklin confirmed DNA's helical structure through x-ray diffraction but died young and did not receive recognition during her lifetime.

Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

Describes the flow of genetic information:
- Replication (DNA → DNA) done by DNA polymerase.
- Transcription (DNA → RNA) involving RNA polymerase.
- Translation (RNA → protein) forming specific proteins.

DNA Replication Process

DNA replication involves fork formation, primer binding, elongation, and termination.
Helicase unwinds the double helix, allowing DNA polymerase to synthesize new DNA strands.
Leading strand is synthesized continuously from 5' to 3' direction, while the lagging strand is synthesized in fragments.

Inheritance Patterns of Animals

Genes, segments of DNA on chromosomes, dictate organism characteristics and are inherited from parents.
Mendelian laws of inheritance include:
- Law of Segregation: Alleles segregate randomly during meiosis into gametes.
- Law of Independent Assortment: Alleles of different genes separate independently into gametes.
- Law of Dominance: Dominant alleles mask recessive alleles in phenotype expression.

Non-Mendelian Inheritance

Laws of Incomplete Dominance: Dominant alleles do not completely mask recessive alleles, resulting in an intermediate phenotype.
Co-dominance and multiple alleles are additional patterns of inheritance that extend beyond Mendelian principles.

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Description

Explore the fascinating world of DNA in this quiz that delves into its structure and significance as the genetic material. Understand the components of nucleotides and the importance of nitrogenous bases in determining our traits. Test your knowledge about deoxyribonucleic acid and its role in genetics.