Sleep and seizures
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Questions and Answers

What role do clock genes play in the human genome?

  • They are solely responsible for the production of melatonin.
  • They control the sensory perceptions of the brain.
  • They are involved in the synchronization of metabolic processes and physiological rhythms. (correct)
  • They primarily regulate mood and emotional responses.

What is the term used to describe external cues that help synchronize intrinsic biological rhythms?

  • Chronobiotic signals
  • Zeitgebers (correct)
  • Biological enhancers
  • Circadian regulators

What is the process called when normal brain tissue transforms into a hyperexcitable network?

  • Seizure propagation
  • Neuronal plasticity
  • Epileptogenesis (correct)
  • Hypersynchronization

How does disrupted sleep cycles relate to health risks?

<p>It increases the risk of cardiometabolic disorders and certain types of cancer. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is NOT considered a precipitating factor for seizures?

<p>Genetic predisposition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable effect of feeding during active phases of the day?

<p>It results in improved insulin sensitivity and reduced adiposity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physiological change facilitates the spread of activation to surrounding neurons during a seizure?

<p>Accumulation of K+ outside the neuron (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of melatonin allows it to diffuse across cell membranes?

<p>Its amphipathic nature (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of neuronal change corresponds to the long-lasting depolarization caused by an influx of extracellular calcium?

<p>Paroxysmal depolarization shift (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the role of NMDA receptor activation during seizures?

<p>It enhances the facilitation of neurotransmitter release. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main themes discussed in the papers authored by Rijo-Ferreira and Takahashi regarding sleep disturbances?

<p>Circadian disruption caused by sleeping sickness infection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does melatonin influence cell death and inflammation according to the findings of Tarocco et al.?

<p>It regulates mechanisms that can mitigate cell death and inflammation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is mentioned in relation to reproductive health and sleep according to Lateef and Akintubosun?

<p>Prolactin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of sleep architecture is highlighted in the research on sleeping sickness?

<p>The cyclical nature of sleep stages disrupted by infection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the research, which of the following best describes the relationship between daylight sleep and immune regulation?

<p>The immune system shows a stronger response during nocturnal sleep than during daylight sleep. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is NOT commonly associated with seizures in neonates or infants?

<p>Cerebrovascular disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant contributing factor to provoke seizures in individuals with generalized epilepsy?

<p>Sleep deprivation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Neurocysticercosis is primarily caused by which organism?

<p>Taenia solium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What age group is most likely to experience seizures due to febrile responses?

<p>Early childhood (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which metabolic disturbance is a potential cause for seizures across all age groups?

<p>Hypoglycemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism is attributed to the prolonged survival of Taenia solium larval cysts in the brain?

<p>Complex immune evasion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Gripper and Welburn's 2017 systematic review regarding neurocysticercosis?

<p>The causal relationship between neurocysticercosis infection and epilepsy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pathological change is associated with the symptoms of neurocysticercosis?

<p>Increased BBB permeability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism is primarily associated with the initiation and propagation of seizures?

<p>Neuronal hyperexcitability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary neurological etiology for new cases of epilepsy in individuals over 65 years old?

<p>Cerebrovascular disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of sleep does Nobili et al. highlight as having a reciprocal relationship with epilepsy?

<p>Effects of epilepsy on sleep structure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT typically associated with the impact of epilepsy on sleep quality?

<p>Enhanced REM sleep quality (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of gut microbiota, which aspect is discussed regarding its influence on metabolism?

<p>Microbial metabolites acting as signaling molecules (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the onset of seizures in patients with neurocysticercosis?

<p>Symptoms correlate with parasitic load and location (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Irwin's perspective on sleep, what is considered a key outcome of adequate sleep?

<p>Enhanced immune response and overall health (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement aligns with the findings regarding epilepsy and sleep discussed by Nobili et al.?

<p>Sleep disturbances increase seizure frequency. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is suggested about genetic predisposition in the context of neurocysticercosis and epilepsy?

<p>There could be a potential link that merits further investigation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is identified as a critical factor in the microbial control of chronometabolism?

<p>Interaction between host circadian rhythms and gut bacteria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes focal seizures with intact awareness?

<p>Can involve sensory changes or emotional experiences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a unique feature of typical absence seizures?

<p>Occur as frequent as 100 times per day (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of a generalized tonic-clonic seizure involves muscle contraction and possible cyanosis?

<p>Tonic phase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes atypical absence seizures from typical absence seizures?

<p>Involve longer and more gradual lapses of consciousness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In focal seizures with impaired awareness, what behavior might be exhibited?

<p>Automatism causing involuntary behaviors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which seizure type is characterized by sudden loss of postural control without post-ictal confusion?

<p>Atonic seizure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT typically associated with generalized tonic-clonic seizures?

<p>Impaired awareness prior to the seizure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential cause of myoclonic seizures?

<p>Anoxic brain injury or metabolic disorders (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what situation might a patient experience paresis after a focal seizure?

<p>When the seizure starts in the motor cortex (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of generalized seizures typically leads to excessive salivation during the postictal phase?

<p>Tonic phase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Clock Genes

Genes that regulate up to 25% of human genome, influencing metabolic processes like growth, energy, temperature, and possibly neurological functions (especially memory formation) and immunologic functions.

Zeitgebers

External cues (like light-dark cycles, eating, exercise) that influence the synchronization of clock genes with the environment.

Clock Gene Synchronization

The process of aligning the body's internal biological rhythms with the external environment, a process aided by zeitgebers.

Melatonin

A hormone that plays a role in regulating sleep-wake cycles; carried by albumin and diffuses easily through cell membranes.

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Cardiometabolic Disease Risk

Disruptions in sleep cycles can increase risk of cardiometabolic disorders and slightly increased risk of certain cancers.

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Seizure

A disturbance in the brain's normal balance of excitation and inhibition.

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Epileptogenesis

The process where normal brain tissue changes into hyperexcitable tissue, increasing seizure risk.

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Seizure threshold

The amount of stimulation needed to trigger a seizure in the brain.

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Hypersynchronization

Simultaneous firing of many neurons in the brain.

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Paroxysmal depolarization shift

A long-lasting depolarization of a neuron's membrane, causing repeated firing.

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Focal Seizure

Seizure originating from one brain area, often due to structural problems. Awareness may be intact or impaired.

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Generalized Seizure

Seizure arising and spreading rapidly throughout both brain hemispheres, often due to cellular, biochemical, or structural issues.

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Focal Seizure – Intact Awareness

Focal seizure with normal to slightly abnormal EEG. Patient may experience sensory or emotional changes, possibly paresis.

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Focal Seizure – Impaired Awareness

Focal seizure with impaired awareness. Inability to respond, poor memory, aura, automatism, delayed recovery may occur

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Absence Seizure

Brief lapse in consciousness, often in childhood, may have typical or atypical presentations.

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Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizure

Common type of seizure involving tonic muscle contraction, followed by clonic jerking. Usually followed by a post-ictal phase

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Atonic Seizure

Sudden loss of postural muscle tone, brief impairment in consciousness.

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Myoclonic Seizure

Sudden muscle contractions, potentially caused by various medical conditions.

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Epileptic Spasms

Predominantly an infant seizure type involving recurring muscle contractions.

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Aura

Sensory warning sign preceding a seizure.

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Neonatal Seizures

Seizures in newborns and infants caused by congenital brain abnormalities, infections, or injury.

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Febrile Seizures

Seizures triggered by a fever, often seen in early childhood.

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Adult-onset Seizures

Seizures occurring in adulthood, often linked to acquired brain conditions like trauma or infection.

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Neurocysticercosis

Brain infection caused by pork tapeworm larvae, a common cause of seizures in adults.

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Sleep Deprivation & Seizures

Sleep loss can increase the chance of seizures, especially in certain types of epilepsy.

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Epilepsy Etiology

Many factors can cause epilepsy, including genetic issues, brain injury, metabolic problems, and even infections.

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Older Adult Epilepsy

Stroke is a frequent cause of epilepsy in individuals older than 65.

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Taenia Infestation

Infection with tapeworms, often from eating contaminated or undercooked meat.

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MMP-9 Polymorphism

A genetic variation linked to symptoms of neurocysticercosis, suggesting a role in brain infection severity.

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Sleep-Epilepsy Link

Epilepsy can disrupt sleep patterns, including REM and NREM sleep.

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Neurocysticercosis and Epilepsy

Infection by the parasite Taenia solium can lead to epilepsy.

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Epileptogenesis

Process of normal brain tissue changing into hyperexcitable tissue, increasing seizure risk.

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Seizure Mechanisms

Abnormal brain activity triggered by imbalances in excitation and inhibition.

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Sleep and Epilepsy Relationship

Sleep disruption and epilepsy have complex interactions; sleep affects seizures, and vice-versa

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Epilepsy and Brain Plasticity

Epilepsy can affect the way the brain adapts.

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Health Consequences and Comorbidities

Many conditions coexist with epilepsy.

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Classification of Seizures

Seizures are categorized based on their location and characteristics in the brain.

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Causes of Seizures

Various factors including infections, genetics, or injuries can trigger seizures and epilepsy.

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Sleep and Immunity

Sleep quality and quantity significantly impacts the body's immune response, potentially increasing risk of infection and impacting the effectiveness of immune responses.

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Sleep and Circadian Disruption

Infections, such as sleeping sickness, can disrupt the body's natural sleep-wake cycles, which can have significant effects on overall health.

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Sleep and Reproductive Health

Sleep plays a critical role in reproductive hormone regulation, impacting factors like testosterone, FSH, progesterone, and other key hormones.

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Melatonin's Role

Melatonin is a hormone influencing cell death and inflammation, potentially playing a role in regulating the body's response to these processes, especially in newborns.

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Sleep and Cancer Risk

Disruptions in sleep patterns may correlate with an increased risk of certain cancers.

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