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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of lysosomes in eukaryotic cells?
What is the characteristic pH of the internal environment of lysosomes?
What is the process called when lysosomes break down and recycle damaged or dysfunctional cellular components?
How are lysosomes formed in eukaryotic cells?
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What type of diseases are associated with lysosomal dysfunction?
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What is the term for when lysosomes fuse with phagosomes to destroy ingested pathogens?
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What is the net force acting on an object at rest, according to Newton's First Law?
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What is the unit of force in Newton's Second Law?
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What type of inertia is the tendency of an object to resist changes in its rotational motion?
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What is the type of friction that occurs between two surfaces that are moving relative to each other?
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What factor increases friction between two surfaces?
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What is the result of Newton's Third Law?
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Study Notes
Lysosomes
Definition and Function
- Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles found in eukaryotic cells
- Primary function: cellular digestion and recycling of cellular waste and foreign substances
- Contain digestive enzymes and acids that break down and degrade macromolecules
Structure
- Surrounded by a single membrane
- Internal pH is acidic (around 4.5-5.5) to facilitate enzymatic activity
- Contain a variety of hydrolytic enzymes, including proteases, lipases, and nucleases
Formation and Fusion
- Formed through the fusion of vesicles from the Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum
- Can fuse with phagosomes (vesicles containing foreign particles or microorganisms) to form phagolysosomes
- Can also fuse with autophagosomes (vesicles containing cellular waste) to form autophagolysosomes
Cellular Processes
- Autophagy: lysosomes break down and recycle damaged or dysfunctional cellular components
- Heterophagy: lysosomes break down and recycle foreign substances and microorganisms
- Cellular defense: lysosomes can fuse with phagosomes to destroy ingested pathogens
Diseases Associated with Lysosomal Dysfunction
- Lysosomal storage diseases: inherited disorders resulting from defective lysosomal enzymes
- Examples: Tay-Sachs disease, Gaucher disease, Fabry disease
- Other diseases: cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and immune disorders have been linked to lysosomal dysfunction
Lysosomes
Definition and Function
- Membrane-bound organelles found in eukaryotic cells responsible for cellular digestion and recycling of cellular waste and foreign substances
- Primary function involves breaking down and degrading macromolecules using digestive enzymes and acids
Structure
- Single-membrane organelle with an internal acidic pH (around 4.5-5.5) to facilitate enzymatic activity
- Contains a variety of hydrolytic enzymes, including proteases, lipases, and nucleases
Formation and Fusion
- Formed through the fusion of vesicles from the Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum
- Can fuse with phagosomes to form phagolysosomes and break down foreign particles or microorganisms
- Can also fuse with autophagosomes to form autophagolysosomes and break down cellular waste
Cellular Processes
- Autophagy: lysosomes break down and recycle damaged or dysfunctional cellular components
- Heterophagy: lysosomes break down and recycle foreign substances and microorganisms
- Cellular defense: lysosomes can fuse with phagosomes to destroy ingested pathogens
Diseases Associated with Lysosomal Dysfunction
- Lysosomal storage diseases: inherited disorders resulting from defective lysosomal enzymes
- Examples of lysosomal storage diseases: Tay-Sachs disease, Gaucher disease, Fabry disease
- Lysosomal dysfunction has also been linked to cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and immune disorders
Newton's Laws
- An object at rest remains at rest, and an object in motion remains in motion, unless acted upon by an external force (Law of Inertia)
- Force is equal to mass multiplied by acceleration (F = ma), where:
- F is force in Newtons (N)
- m is mass in kilograms (kg)
- a is acceleration in meters per second squared (m/s²)
- For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction (Law of Action and Reaction)
Inertia
- Inertia is the tendency of an object to resist changes in its motion
- There are two types of inertia:
- Translational Inertia: resistance to changes in linear motion
- Rotational Inertia: resistance to changes in rotational motion
- Examples of inertia include:
- A car maintaining its velocity on a flat road
- A spinning top maintaining its rotational motion
Friction
- Friction is a force that opposes motion between two surfaces in contact
- There are four types of friction:
- Static Friction: friction between two surfaces that are not moving relative to each other
- Kinetic Friction: friction between two surfaces that are moving relative to each other
- Rolling Friction: friction between a rolling object and a surface
- Fluid Friction: friction between an object and a fluid (e.g., air or water)
- Factors that affect friction include:
- Surface Roughness: rougher surfaces increase friction
- Normal Force: increasing the normal force between surfaces increases friction
- Surface Area: increasing the surface area in contact increases friction
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Description
Learn about lysosomes, membrane-bound organelles found in eukaryotic cells, their primary function in cellular digestion and recycling, and their internal structure and enzymes.
