Bio 160: Chapter 3 - Cells Flashcards

Questions and Answers

Lysosomes are membrane-bounded vesicles that arise from which of the following organelles?

Golgi apparatus

The lysosome contains which type of enzymes?

Enzymes that break down large molecules into smaller molecules

What cells will be expected to contain the greatest number of lysosomes?

White blood cells

What might occur in a cell lacking lysosomes?

Old and worn-out cell parts would not be recycled; digestion of engulfed bacteria would not take place; synthesis of large polymers would be prevented. Signup and view all the answers

What parts of the cell did hydrolytic enzymes pass through on their way to lysosomes? (Select all that apply)

Rough endoplasmic reticulum Signup and view all the answers

What structure in plant cells stores salts, sugars, and pigments, contains enzymes that recycle and degrade molecules, and expands to exert turgor pressure?

Central vacuole Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a plant is watered?

The cells shrink Signup and view all the answers

Select all the structures that are found in all living cells.

DNA Signup and view all the answers

Which of the cells below has the largest ratio of surface area to volume?

Bottom Left Signup and view all the answers

Consider your knowledge about the cell membrane and check all of the true statements below.

Both plant and animal cell membranes are considered fluid mosaics. Signup and view all the answers

Label the parts of the phospholipid.

Phospholipid parts include a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails. Signup and view all the answers

Complete the table by dragging each structure name or description into the appropriate place.

Organelle: Golgi apparatus; Function: creates vesicles to enclose materials to be secreted; Structure: stacked, flat, single-membrane sacs; Plant or Animal: animal and plant Signup and view all the answers

What is one way that bacterial and archaeal cells differ from each other?

Their cell membranes are made of different kinds of molecules. Signup and view all the answers

Select all of the following that are true of the middle, lipid portion of the phospholipid bilayer.

Allows lipids and small, nonpolar molecules through Signup and view all the answers

Select all of the following that are true of the phospholipid bilayer.

Steroids embedded in the bilayer allow the membrane to remain fluid at various temperatures Signup and view all the answers

Select all of the following that are found in both animal and plant cells.

Nucleus Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Lysosomes

Derived from the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes are membrane-bounded vesicles.
Contain enzymes that break down large molecules into smaller, usable components.
Most abundant in white blood cells due to their role in digesting engulfed pathogens.

Consequences of Lysosome Absence

Cells lacking lysosomes cannot recycle old or worn-out parts.
Immune functions are compromised, as bacteria digestion cannot occur.
Synthesis of large polymers is hindered due to inability to break down precursors.

Central Vacuole in Plant Cells

Central vacuoles store salts, sugars, and pigments and recycle/degrade molecules.
Contribute to turgor pressure, which supports plant structure.

Plant Cell Behavior When Watered

Watering causes the cytoplasm to dilute but results in cell shrinkage, indicating osmotic challenges.

Universal Cell Structures

All living cells possess DNA, RNA, proteins, ribosomes, and a cell membrane, essential for functionality.

Surface Area to Volume Ratio

Smaller cells have a larger surface area to volume ratio, optimizing nutrient intake and waste elimination.

Cell Membrane Characteristics

Phospholipids can self-assemble and form bilayers, essential for eukaryotic cell membranes.
Fluidity of membranes is enhanced by steroids and the fluid mosaic model describes their structure well.

Organelles and Their Functions

Golgi Apparatus: Creates vesicles for material secretion and produces lysosomes; consists of stacked, flat sacs in both plant and animal cells.
Ribosomes: Sites for protein synthesis made of RNA and protein, found in both cell types.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Synthesizes lipids and detoxifies substances; consists of a single membrane network.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Produces proteins for export; covered with ribosomes.

Types of Organelles

Lysosomes: Digest and recycle cellular waste and food components; contain digestive enzymes.
Peroxisomes: Break down fatty acids and toxins with single-membrane sacs containing enzymes.
Chloroplasts: Enable photosynthesis in plant cells with double membranes.
Mitochondria: Produce energy through cellular respiration, featuring double membranes and folded inner structures.

Phospholipid Bilayer Properties

Middle lipid portion allows passage for lipids and small nonpolar molecules and contains nonpolar fatty acid chains.
Embedded proteins can form channels for hydrophilic substances.

Differences Between Cell Types

Bacterial and archaeal cells differ by cell membrane compositions: bacteria contain fatty acid lipids, while archaea use nonfatty acid lipids.

Cell Domain Characteristics

Domain Bacteria: Prokaryotic cells typically sized 1 to 10 micrometers, lacking membrane-bound organelles.
Domain Archaea: Similar size and lack of organelles as bacteria but with unique membrane structures.
Domain Eukarya: Larger cells (10-100 micrometers) possess a nucleus and can be single-celled or multicellular organisms.

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Description

Test your knowledge on cells with this quiz focused on Chapter 3 of Bio 160. Learn about lysosomes, their functions, and related cellular components. Perfect for reviewing essential concepts on cellular biology.