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Questions and Answers
At what level does the structure terminate in the angle of junction between the left internal jugular and left subclavian vein?
Which lymphoid organ is primarily involved in the early development of the immune system?
What is the predominant shape of the spleen?
Which surface of the spleen is characterized as convex and smooth with impressions from the ribs?
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What are the structures that the hilum of the spleen transmits?
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What is the primary function of the lymphatic system?
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Which of the following structures is NOT part of the lymphatic system?
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Where does lymph begin its journey in the lymphatic system?
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What type of fluid is referred to as chyle?
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Which lymphatic duct drains lymph from the upper right side of the body?
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What is the maximum size range of lymph nodes as mentioned?
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Which areas does NOT have lymphatic capillaries?
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What mechanism controls the movement of lymph in the lymphatic vessels?
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Study Notes
Lymphatic System
- Part of the immune system, regulates body fluid levels and defends against infections
- Composed of lymph vessels, lymph nodes, lymphoid organs, and lymphoid tonsils
Lymph
- Colorless fluid circulating within lymphatic vessels, accompanying veins but not visible to the naked eye
- In the small intestine, fats are absorbed by intestinal epithelium and packaged into milky opaque lymph called chylomicrons, which is also known as chyle
- Begins as lymphatic capillaries
Lymphatic Capillaries
- Present in most areas of the body except the brain, bone marrow, epidermis, eyeball, and cartilage
Lymphatic Vessels
- Movement of lymph is controlled by adjacent muscle action, particularly skeletal muscles and arterial pulses
- Unidirectional flow is maintained by valves within the lymphatic vessels
Lymph Nodes
- Small masses of lymphoid tissue located along the path of lymphatic vessels
- Encapsulated, ranging in size from 0.1 to 2.5 cm long
- Function as filters for foreign substances and contain elements of the body's defense system, such as lymphocytes and macrophages
- Found in groups, both superficial to the skin and deep in other areas
Lymph Node Groups
- Cervical - Drain head and neck
- Axillary - Drain upper limb and breast
- Mediastinal - Drain thoracic organs
- Aortic - Drain abdominal organs
- Inguinal - Drain groin and lower limbs
Lymphatic Trunks and Ducts
- Right Lymphatic Duct - Drains lymph from the right side of the head and neck, right upper limb, right side of the thorax, and right upper abdominal wall
- Thoracic Duct - Drains lymph from the left side of the body
Thoracic Duct
- Largest lymphatic duct in the body
- Drains lymph from the lower limbs, pelvis, perineum, abdomen, left side of the neck, and left upper limb
- Length: 45 cm
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Course:
- Originates from the upper end of the abdominal lymph trunks or cisterna chyli in front of the lower border of the last thoracic vertebra
- Ascends through the aortic opening of the diaphragm into the thorax
- Ascends in front of the vertebral column
- Crosses gradually from right to left side of the median plane of the body in front of T5
- Terminates at the angle of junction between the left internal jugular and left subclavian vein at the level of C7
Lymphoid Organs
- Parts of the body that produce lymphocytes:
- Thymus gland
- Tonsils
- Spleen
- Red bone marrow
- Lymphoid follicles at the wall of the alimentary tract
Tonsils
- Lymphoid tissue located in the pharynx and oral cavity:
- Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid)
- Palatine tonsils
- Lingual tonsils
Thymus gland
- Central lymphoid organ involved in the early development of the immune system
- Well-developed at birth and grows until puberty
- Diminishes in size and is replaced by fibrous and adipose tissue later in life
- Composed of two unequal pyramidal lobes bound together by loose connective tissue
Spleen
- Largest lymphoid organ in the body
- Reddish-brown in color
- Pyramidal in shape
- Two ends, three borders, and two surfaces
- Anterior end: Expanded, directed downwards and forwards, reaching the mid-axillary line
- Posterior end: Rounded, directed upwards, backwards, and medially, resting on the upper pole of the left kidney
- Superior border: Characteristically notched near the anterior end
- Inferior border: Rounded
- Intermediate border: Rounded, directed to the right
- Diaphragmatic (lateral) surface: Convex and smooth, containing impressions from the 9th to 11th ribs
- Visceral (medial surface: Contains three impressions for the stomach, splenic flexure of the colon, and renal area for the left kidney
- Hilum: Located on the visceral surface, transmits splenic vessels and nerves, and provides attachment for ligaments
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Description
This quiz covers the key components and functions of the lymphatic system, including lymphatic capillaries, vessels, and nodes. Discover how this part of the immune system regulates body fluid levels and defends against infections. Test your knowledge of lymph and its role in fat absorption.
