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Questions and Answers
What is the function of the costodiaphragmatic recesses?
What is the function of the costodiaphragmatic recesses?
How are the lobes of the right lung divided?
How are the lobes of the right lung divided?
What distinguishes the left main bronchus from the right main bronchus?
What distinguishes the left main bronchus from the right main bronchus?
What is the primary characteristic of bronchopulmonary segments?
What is the primary characteristic of bronchopulmonary segments?
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What structure passes through the hilum of the lung?
What structure passes through the hilum of the lung?
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What is the primary function of pleural fluid in the pleural cavities?
What is the primary function of pleural fluid in the pleural cavities?
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Which part of the parietal pleura covers the internal surfaces of the thoracic wall?
Which part of the parietal pleura covers the internal surfaces of the thoracic wall?
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Where does the visceral pleura become continuous with the parietal pleura?
Where does the visceral pleura become continuous with the parietal pleura?
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What part of the thoracic cavity contains all other thoracic structures besides the lungs?
What part of the thoracic cavity contains all other thoracic structures besides the lungs?
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What structure reinforces the cervical pleura at the apex of the lung?
What structure reinforces the cervical pleura at the apex of the lung?
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Which type of pleura covers the superior surface of the diaphragm?
Which type of pleura covers the superior surface of the diaphragm?
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Which anatomical feature allows the layers of pleura to slide smoothly over one another?
Which anatomical feature allows the layers of pleura to slide smoothly over one another?
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The parietal pleura consists of how many distinct parts?
The parietal pleura consists of how many distinct parts?
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Which bronchial structure is the first to branch off the primary bronchi?
Which bronchial structure is the first to branch off the primary bronchi?
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What is the primary function of the bronchial arteries?
What is the primary function of the bronchial arteries?
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Which lymphatic plexus drains initially into the intrinsic pulmonary lymph nodes?
Which lymphatic plexus drains initially into the intrinsic pulmonary lymph nodes?
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Which veins are involved in draining blood supplied to the lungs by the bronchial arteries?
Which veins are involved in draining blood supplied to the lungs by the bronchial arteries?
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What is the primary role of the vagal parasympathetic fibers in the pulmonary plexus?
What is the primary role of the vagal parasympathetic fibers in the pulmonary plexus?
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How many secondary bronchi are present in the left lung?
How many secondary bronchi are present in the left lung?
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The respiratory bronchioles lead to which structures in the lung?
The respiratory bronchioles lead to which structures in the lung?
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Where does lymph from the superficial subpleural lymphatic plexus primarily drain?
Where does lymph from the superficial subpleural lymphatic plexus primarily drain?
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What is the correct order of bronchi as they branch from the primary bronchi?
What is the correct order of bronchi as they branch from the primary bronchi?
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Which arteries are mainly responsible for supplying nutrition to the lungs?
Which arteries are mainly responsible for supplying nutrition to the lungs?
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What type of nerve fibers are responsible for bronchoconstriction?
What type of nerve fibers are responsible for bronchoconstriction?
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How many secondary (lobar) bronchi are present in the right lung?
How many secondary (lobar) bronchi are present in the right lung?
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Where does lymph from the tracheobronchial lymph nodes ultimately drain?
Where does lymph from the tracheobronchial lymph nodes ultimately drain?
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What is the primary function of the pulmonary lymphatic plexuses?
What is the primary function of the pulmonary lymphatic plexuses?
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Which compartments make up the thoracic cavity?
Which compartments make up the thoracic cavity?
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What type of pleura covers the apex of the lung?
What type of pleura covers the apex of the lung?
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What feature separates the costal pleura from the internal surface of the thoracic wall?
What feature separates the costal pleura from the internal surface of the thoracic wall?
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The potential space between the visceral and parietal pleura is known as what?
The potential space between the visceral and parietal pleura is known as what?
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Which of the following best describes the structure that connects the visceral and parietal pleura?
Which of the following best describes the structure that connects the visceral and parietal pleura?
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Which part of the parietal pleura covers the lateral aspects of the mediastinum?
Which part of the parietal pleura covers the lateral aspects of the mediastinum?
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What is the function of the pleural fluid within the pleural cavity?
What is the function of the pleural fluid within the pleural cavity?
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Which structure reinforces the cervical pleura?
Which structure reinforces the cervical pleura?
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What anatomical feature indicates a change in direction of the parietal pleura?
What anatomical feature indicates a change in direction of the parietal pleura?
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What is the shape of the lungs?
What is the shape of the lungs?
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Which surfaces do the lungs have?
Which surfaces do the lungs have?
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Which statement about the right main bronchus is true?
Which statement about the right main bronchus is true?
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How are bronchopulmonary segments characterized?
How are bronchopulmonary segments characterized?
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Where does the trachea bifurcate?
Where does the trachea bifurcate?
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What separates the lobes of the left lung?
What separates the lobes of the left lung?
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What feature identifies the hilum of the lung?
What feature identifies the hilum of the lung?
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How many lobes are present in the right lung?
How many lobes are present in the right lung?
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What is the optimal way to describe costodiaphragmatic recesses?
What is the optimal way to describe costodiaphragmatic recesses?
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How are bronchopulmonary segments supplied?
How are bronchopulmonary segments supplied?
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Study Notes
Lungs and Pleura
- Lungs are pyramidal shaped
- Apex of the lungs are blunt, superior end, ascending above the level of the 1st rib
- Covered by cervical pleura
- Base is the concave inferior surface of lungs, resting on the diaphragm
- Right lung divided into three lobes (superior, middle, inferior) by oblique and horizontal fissures
- Left lung divided into two lobes (superior, inferior) by oblique fissure
- The visceral pleura is continuous with parietal pleura at the hilum of the lung (where structures forming the root of the lung)
- Parietal pleura consists of: costal, mediastinal, and diaphragmatic parts
- Costal - covers the internal surfaces of the thoracic wall
- Mediastinal - covers the lateral aspects of the mediastinum
- Diaphragmatic - covers the superior (thoracic) surface of the diaphragm
- Cervical pleura is reinforced by a fibrous extension of the endothoracic fascia, called the suprapleural membrane (Sibson fascia)
- The largest pyramidal-shaped subdivisions of the lung lobe, are bronchopulmonary segments
- Usually 18-20 in number, 10 in the right lung and 8-10 in the left lung, depending on the combining of segments
Thoracic Cavity
- The thoracic cavity is divided into three compartments: right and left pulmonary cavities containing lungs and pleurae, and a central mediastinum.
- The central mediastinum contains all other thoracic structures, extending from the superior thoracic aperture to the diaphragm.
Pleura
- Pleura is a serous sac composed of two continuous membranes: visceral and parietal pleura.
- Visceral pleura invests all surfaces of the lungs, forming a shiny outer surface
- Parietal pleura lines the pulmonary cavities
- The pleural cavity - a potential space between the layers of pleura, contains pleural fluid that lubricates surfaces and allows the pleural layers to slide smoothly over each other during respiration
Bronchial Tree
- The trachea bifurcates at the level of the sternal angle into right and left main bronchi.
- Right main bronchus is wider and shorter plus runs more vertically than the left
- Left main bronchus passes inferolaterally, inferior to the arch of the aorta and anterior to the esophagus and thoracic aorta.
- Primary bronchi (R&L) are the widest, then secondary, then tertiary (segmental), then bronchioles (smallest)
Respiratory Zone
- The respiratory zone consists of air-exchanging structures:
- Respiratory bronchioles branch from terminal bronchioles, leading into alveolar ducts and alveoli.
Arterial Supply
- Bronchial arteries supply blood for nutrition of structures making up the root of the lungs, supporting tissues of the lungs and visceral pleura
- Two left bronchial arteries usually arise directly from the thoracic aorta.
Bronchial Veins
- Drain only part of the blood supplied to the lungs by bronchial arteries.
- Remainder of the blood is drained by the pulmonary veins.
- Right bronchial vein drains into the azygos vein
- Left bronchial vein drains into the accessory hemi-azygos or the left superior intercostal vein
Pulmonary Lymphatic Plexuses
- Superficial subpleural lymphatic plexus drains to bronchopulmonary lymph nodes in the region of the lung hilum
- Deep bronchopulmonary lymphatic plexus located in the submucosa of the bronchi, drains into intrinsic pulmonary lymph nodes.
- Lymph from both (superficial & deep) drain into superior and inferior tracheobronchial lymph nodes.
- Lymph from tracheobronchial lymph nodes passes to right and left bronchomediastinal lymph trunks
Clinical Aspects
- Pneumothorax and Hemothorax are clinical aspects of the pleura, lungs, Tracheobronchial tree, including potential causes, resulting effects, etc.
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Description
This quiz covers the anatomy of the lungs and pleura, detailing their shape, lobes, and various parts. Learn about the structural organization and the relationship between the visceral and parietal pleura. Test your knowledge on this crucial respiratory system topic.
