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Questions and Answers
Which of the following are part of the conducting zone of the lungs?
Which of the following are part of the conducting zone of the lungs?
The apex of the lung is located below the clavicle.
The apex of the lung is located below the clavicle.
False
What is the main function of the costodiaphragmatic recess of the plural cavity?
What is the main function of the costodiaphragmatic recess of the plural cavity?
Collect pleural fluid
Hoarseness can be a sign of lung cancer.
Hoarseness can be a sign of lung cancer.
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The pulmonary artery carries oxygenated blood to the lungs.
The pulmonary artery carries oxygenated blood to the lungs.
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The ______ artery helps protect young people from pulmonary infarct.
The ______ artery helps protect young people from pulmonary infarct.
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Which of the following is a potential cause of hemoptysis (coughing up blood)?
Which of the following is a potential cause of hemoptysis (coughing up blood)?
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Lymph drainage from the right arm and head reaches the lungs through the bronchomediastinal vessel on the left side.
Lymph drainage from the right arm and head reaches the lungs through the bronchomediastinal vessel on the left side.
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What is the primary function of the respiratory bronchiole?
What is the primary function of the respiratory bronchiole?
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The pores of Kohn promote the spread of bacteria within the lungs.
The pores of Kohn promote the spread of bacteria within the lungs.
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Inspiration is a passive process.
Inspiration is a passive process.
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The abdominal muscles play a role in forced expiration.
The abdominal muscles play a role in forced expiration.
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The medulla generates signals to cause breathing.
The medulla generates signals to cause breathing.
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What type of receptors provide feedback from muscles to the brainstem and spinal cord?
What type of receptors provide feedback from muscles to the brainstem and spinal cord?
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The Hering-Breuer reflex helps to prevent overinflation of the lungs.
The Hering-Breuer reflex helps to prevent overinflation of the lungs.
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Mucosal dendritic cells are responsible for producing IgA.
Mucosal dendritic cells are responsible for producing IgA.
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Protective antimicrobial proteins, components of surfactant, are primarily responsible for destroying invading pathogens.
Protective antimicrobial proteins, components of surfactant, are primarily responsible for destroying invading pathogens.
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What is the primary cause of bronchiectasis in cystic fibrosis patients?
What is the primary cause of bronchiectasis in cystic fibrosis patients?
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The tidal volume is the total amount of air that can be inhaled and exhaled during a normal breath.
The tidal volume is the total amount of air that can be inhaled and exhaled during a normal breath.
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Functional residual capacity is the volume of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a forced expiration.
Functional residual capacity is the volume of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a forced expiration.
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Residual volume is the amount of air that cannot be expelled from the lungs.
Residual volume is the amount of air that cannot be expelled from the lungs.
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The chest wall naturally recoils inward due to its elastic properties.
The chest wall naturally recoils inward due to its elastic properties.
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A pneumothorax can only occur due to a hole in the lung.
A pneumothorax can only occur due to a hole in the lung.
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Pleural effusion can be caused by a range of conditions, including heart failure, cirrhosis, and pneumonia.
Pleural effusion can be caused by a range of conditions, including heart failure, cirrhosis, and pneumonia.
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A pH of parapneumonic effusion greater than 7.3 indicates a complicated effusion.
A pH of parapneumonic effusion greater than 7.3 indicates a complicated effusion.
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A pH of parapneumonic effusion less than 6 typically indicates esophageal rupture and gastric acid spilling into the pleural space.
A pH of parapneumonic effusion less than 6 typically indicates esophageal rupture and gastric acid spilling into the pleural space.
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Decreased lung compliance is associated with stiffer and fibrotic lungs, requiring a greater pressure change to inflate.
Decreased lung compliance is associated with stiffer and fibrotic lungs, requiring a greater pressure change to inflate.
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Increased lung compliance is a characteristic of emphysema, where the lungs are easily inflated due to the destruction of lung tissue.
Increased lung compliance is a characteristic of emphysema, where the lungs are easily inflated due to the destruction of lung tissue.
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Surfactant is produced by Type 1 alveolar epithelial cells.
Surfactant is produced by Type 1 alveolar epithelial cells.
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Elastance is defined as the ability of the lungs to return to their original size after stretching.
Elastance is defined as the ability of the lungs to return to their original size after stretching.
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Pulmonary fibrosis, characterized by increased elastic recoil, causes a decrease in lung compliance.
Pulmonary fibrosis, characterized by increased elastic recoil, causes a decrease in lung compliance.
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Emphysema, characterized by floppy and easily distensible lungs, results in increased lung compliance.
Emphysema, characterized by floppy and easily distensible lungs, results in increased lung compliance.
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Scleroderma and rheumatoid arthritis can cause interstitial lung disease.
Scleroderma and rheumatoid arthritis can cause interstitial lung disease.
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Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, also known as UIP, is primarily associated with tobacco exposure.
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, also known as UIP, is primarily associated with tobacco exposure.
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Mutations in telomerase and mucin genes can contribute to the susceptibility to UIP.
Mutations in telomerase and mucin genes can contribute to the susceptibility to UIP.
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UIP is characterized by an increased lung compliance, leading to rapid and shallow breathing.
UIP is characterized by an increased lung compliance, leading to rapid and shallow breathing.
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Treatments for UIP include medications like Ninteanib and pirfenidone.
Treatments for UIP include medications like Ninteanib and pirfenidone.
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Lung transplantation is a potential treatment option for patients with UIP.
Lung transplantation is a potential treatment option for patients with UIP.
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Emphysema is characterized by increased lung compliance, making the lungs easier to inflate but difficult to deflate.
Emphysema is characterized by increased lung compliance, making the lungs easier to inflate but difficult to deflate.
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The FEV1 is a measure of lung obstruction and represents the volume of air expired in the first second of a forced exhalation.
The FEV1 is a measure of lung obstruction and represents the volume of air expired in the first second of a forced exhalation.
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In asthma, the airways become hyperreactive due to the release of inflammatory mediators associated with type 1 hypersensitivity.
In asthma, the airways become hyperreactive due to the release of inflammatory mediators associated with type 1 hypersensitivity.
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Chronic asthma can lead to permanent changes in the airways, including smooth muscle hypertrophy and hyperresponsiveness.
Chronic asthma can lead to permanent changes in the airways, including smooth muscle hypertrophy and hyperresponsiveness.
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The vagus nerve, part of the parasympathetic nervous system, releases acetylcholine which binds to muscarinic receptors, causing bronchodilation.
The vagus nerve, part of the parasympathetic nervous system, releases acetylcholine which binds to muscarinic receptors, causing bronchodilation.
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Study Notes
Lungs
- Lungs are divided into two main zones: conducting and transitional/respiratory.
- Conducting zones move air without gas exchange.
- Transitional/respiratory zones have alveoli for gas exchange.
- Lung apex rises above the clavicle (cupula).
- Pleural space is below the lungs, capable of collecting fluid (500cc).
- Phrenic nerve (C3-C5) is crucial.
- 7th rib connects to the sternum, facilitating chest wall mobility.
- Hoarseness can signal lung cancer.
- Pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
Lung Circulation
- Pulmonary artery brings deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.
- Bronchiole arteries supply the trachea and bronchi.
- Pulmonary infarction is uncommon under 40.
- Blood flow in bronchiole arteries is under systemic pressure.
Lymph Vessels and Nodes
- Lymph drainage from the right arm and head enters the bronchomediastinal vessel on the right side.
- Lymph from the body flows through the thoracic duct.
- Respiratory bronchioles branch off bronchi.
- Pores of Kohn exist to match ventilation and perfusion.
- Pneumonia and bacteria spread via these pores.
- Inspiration is active, expiration is usually passive.
Receptors
- Mechanoreceptors in muscles and spinal cord provide feedback to the brainstem.
- Chemoreceptors respond to oxygen and carbon dioxide in the brainstem and carotid bodies.
- Higher brain centers influence respiratory neurons.
- Belching, swallowing, vomiting use the brainstem-CNS pathway.
- Cranial nerves (glossopharyngeal, trigeminal) affect breathing.
Hering-Breuer Reflex
- Prevents lung overinflation.
- Mucociliary escalator protects against large particles.
- Tight junctions prevent pathogen invasion.
- Lysozymes, defensins, and peptides deter pathogens.
- Mucosal dendritic cells engulf and present antigens.
- IgA in secretions aids in pathogen neutralization.
- Macrophages destroy pathogens.
- Natural killer cells contribute to pathogen response.
- Surfactant protects alveolar lining.
Cystic Fibrosis
- Autosomal recessive genetic disorder.
- Chloride secretion problem.
- Excessive mucus in airways, hindering cilia function.
- Reduced bicarbonate secretion causes acidic mucus, harming white blood cells.
- Difficulty clearing mucus leads to infections and lung damage.
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Description
This quiz covers the anatomy and physiology of the lungs, focusing on the conducting and respiratory zones and their roles in gas exchange. It also includes information about lung circulation, lymph vessels, and their connections to overall respiratory health. Enhance your understanding of how the lungs function and their significance in the human body.
