Podcast
Questions and Answers
What primarily causes the pressure volume hysteresis in the lungs during inhalation and exhalation?
What primarily causes the pressure volume hysteresis in the lungs during inhalation and exhalation?
What happens to the intermolecular forces during the process of inhalation?
What happens to the intermolecular forces during the process of inhalation?
How does the volumetric change during exhalation compare to that during inhalation?
How does the volumetric change during exhalation compare to that during inhalation?
Which statement best describes the compliance of the lungs during the two phases of breathing?
Which statement best describes the compliance of the lungs during the two phases of breathing?
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What does the slope of the pressure volume curve represent in the context of lung physiology?
What does the slope of the pressure volume curve represent in the context of lung physiology?
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What is the pressure inside the alveoli when the pleural pressure is +20?
What is the pressure inside the alveoli when the pleural pressure is +20?
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What occurs at the equal pressure point in a healthy respiratory system?
What occurs at the equal pressure point in a healthy respiratory system?
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In healthy lungs, where does the equal pressure point occur?
In healthy lungs, where does the equal pressure point occur?
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What happens to the equal pressure point during forced exhalation in patients with diseased lungs?
What happens to the equal pressure point during forced exhalation in patients with diseased lungs?
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What is the primary effect of increased lung compliance on the functional residual capacity (FRC)?
What is the primary effect of increased lung compliance on the functional residual capacity (FRC)?
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What condition may cause airway collapse during expiration due to high pleural pressure?
What condition may cause airway collapse during expiration due to high pleural pressure?
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Why do patients with COPD engage in slow exhalation?
Why do patients with COPD engage in slow exhalation?
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Which condition is associated with decreased lung compliance?
Which condition is associated with decreased lung compliance?
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What is the effect of pursed lips on airway pressure during exhalation in patients with lung diseases?
What is the effect of pursed lips on airway pressure during exhalation in patients with lung diseases?
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During a forced exhalation, what happens to the pleural pressure?
During a forced exhalation, what happens to the pleural pressure?
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How does non-compliance of the lungs affect the pressure-volume relationship compared to compliant lungs?
How does non-compliance of the lungs affect the pressure-volume relationship compared to compliant lungs?
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What is a common characteristic of emphysema as it relates to alveolar pressure?
What is a common characteristic of emphysema as it relates to alveolar pressure?
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What physiological mechanism increases lung compliance in older patients?
What physiological mechanism increases lung compliance in older patients?
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What happens to airway pressure in patients with bronchitis during forced exhalation?
What happens to airway pressure in patients with bronchitis during forced exhalation?
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What is one consequence of the pressure volume relationship changing in non-compliant lungs?
What is one consequence of the pressure volume relationship changing in non-compliant lungs?
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What term describes the phenomenon where a substance’s properties depend on its history?
What term describes the phenomenon where a substance’s properties depend on its history?
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What characterizes the pressure in the pleural space during quiet breathing?
What characterizes the pressure in the pleural space during quiet breathing?
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Which alveolar pressure is expected during a forced exhalation with a pleural pressure of +20 mmHg?
Which alveolar pressure is expected during a forced exhalation with a pleural pressure of +20 mmHg?
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What happens to lung volume when no pressure is applied to the airways?
What happens to lung volume when no pressure is applied to the airways?
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In a healthy respiratory system, what significance does cartilage have in the airway?
In a healthy respiratory system, what significance does cartilage have in the airway?
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How does loss of elastic recoil impact pleural and alveolar pressures in emphysema?
How does loss of elastic recoil impact pleural and alveolar pressures in emphysema?
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What prevents the lungs from collapsing completely when they're inside the body?
What prevents the lungs from collapsing completely when they're inside the body?
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Which of the following diseases is characterized by increased lung compliance?
Which of the following diseases is characterized by increased lung compliance?
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What happens to the FRC in patients with diseases that cause the lungs to become stiff?
What happens to the FRC in patients with diseases that cause the lungs to become stiff?
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At the functional residual capacity (FRC), which forces are in equilibrium?
At the functional residual capacity (FRC), which forces are in equilibrium?
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What distinguishes the equal pressure point in healthy lungs from that in diseased lungs?
What distinguishes the equal pressure point in healthy lungs from that in diseased lungs?
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In which scenario is the equal pressure point significant?
In which scenario is the equal pressure point significant?
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How is lung compliance defined?
How is lung compliance defined?
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What physiological change occurs during forced exhalation that leads to positive pleural pressure?
What physiological change occurs during forced exhalation that leads to positive pleural pressure?
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Which of the following statements about the relationship between pressure and volume in the lungs is true?
Which of the following statements about the relationship between pressure and volume in the lungs is true?
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What is a typical finding in patients with emphysema related to lung volumes?
What is a typical finding in patients with emphysema related to lung volumes?
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What is the significance of the maximum lung volume reached when pressure is applied?
What is the significance of the maximum lung volume reached when pressure is applied?
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How does the chest wall behave when no pressure is applied?
How does the chest wall behave when no pressure is applied?
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What effect does the presence of surfactant have on lung compliance?
What effect does the presence of surfactant have on lung compliance?
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How does the pressure-volume curve of a compliant lung differ from that of a non-compliant lung?
How does the pressure-volume curve of a compliant lung differ from that of a non-compliant lung?
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What happens to lung volume if a negative pressure is applied?
What happens to lung volume if a negative pressure is applied?
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What does the green curve represent in the lung-pressure relationship graph?
What does the green curve represent in the lung-pressure relationship graph?
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Which statement best describes intrapulmonary pressure when at FRC?
Which statement best describes intrapulmonary pressure when at FRC?
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What defines the concept of functional residual capacity (FRC)?
What defines the concept of functional residual capacity (FRC)?
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What role does the chest wall play in respiration?
What role does the chest wall play in respiration?
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What happens to the alveolar pressure during exhalation?
What happens to the alveolar pressure during exhalation?
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How does the intrapleural pressure change during inhalation?
How does the intrapleural pressure change during inhalation?
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What is the transpulmonary pressure at the end of inhalation?
What is the transpulmonary pressure at the end of inhalation?
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What best describes the tidal volume in lung physiology?
What best describes the tidal volume in lung physiology?
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What initiates airflow into the lungs during inhalation?
What initiates airflow into the lungs during inhalation?
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At what intrapleural pressure do the lungs ideally start and end during quiet breathing?
At what intrapleural pressure do the lungs ideally start and end during quiet breathing?
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Which of the following correctly defines the expiratory reserve volume?
Which of the following correctly defines the expiratory reserve volume?
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What is the primary feature of inspiratory reserve volume?
What is the primary feature of inspiratory reserve volume?
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What physiological change occurs during exhalation regarding lung volume?
What physiological change occurs during exhalation regarding lung volume?
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What is the effect of diaphragm contraction during inhalation?
What is the effect of diaphragm contraction during inhalation?
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Why can residual volume never be fully exhaled from the lungs?
Why can residual volume never be fully exhaled from the lungs?
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Which pressure change indicates the onset of inhalation?
Which pressure change indicates the onset of inhalation?
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Which volume would you measure if you wanted to assess the total amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation?
Which volume would you measure if you wanted to assess the total amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation?
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Which statement about tidal volume, expiratory reserve volume, and inspiratory reserve volume is correct?
Which statement about tidal volume, expiratory reserve volume, and inspiratory reserve volume is correct?
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How much air does the average adult inhale during a quiet breathing cycle?
How much air does the average adult inhale during a quiet breathing cycle?
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If one were to perform a forced expiration, which volume would still remain in the lungs?
If one were to perform a forced expiration, which volume would still remain in the lungs?
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What happens to the transpulmonary pressure at the end of exhalation?
What happens to the transpulmonary pressure at the end of exhalation?
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During tidal breathing, when does the pressure in the alveoli become positive?
During tidal breathing, when does the pressure in the alveoli become positive?
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In the context of pulmonary physiology, what is the consequence of varying tidal volume?
In the context of pulmonary physiology, what is the consequence of varying tidal volume?
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What causes air to flow into the lungs during inhalation?
What causes air to flow into the lungs during inhalation?
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Why is the intrapleural pressure typically always negative?
Why is the intrapleural pressure typically always negative?
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What physiological process occurs immediately after the diaphragm relaxes?
What physiological process occurs immediately after the diaphragm relaxes?
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What happens to the transpulmonary pressure during a pneumothorax?
What happens to the transpulmonary pressure during a pneumothorax?
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During quiet breathing, what is the typical pressure in the intrapleural space?
During quiet breathing, what is the typical pressure in the intrapleural space?
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What occurs when the intrapleural pressure becomes more negative during inhalation?
What occurs when the intrapleural pressure becomes more negative during inhalation?
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How does atmospheric pressure relate to airflow during normal breathing?
How does atmospheric pressure relate to airflow during normal breathing?
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What effect does relaxing the diaphragm have on intrapleural pressure?
What effect does relaxing the diaphragm have on intrapleural pressure?
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When the pressure in the alveoli becomes positive during exhalation, what is the source of this pressure change?
When the pressure in the alveoli becomes positive during exhalation, what is the source of this pressure change?
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Which condition correctly describes transpulmonary pressure?
Which condition correctly describes transpulmonary pressure?
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What is the primary mechanism by which air is drawn into the lungs?
What is the primary mechanism by which air is drawn into the lungs?
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If the alveolar pressure is zero and the atmospheric pressure is also zero, what will happen to airflow?
If the alveolar pressure is zero and the atmospheric pressure is also zero, what will happen to airflow?
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Which statement correctly emphasizes the role of diaphragm contraction in breathing?
Which statement correctly emphasizes the role of diaphragm contraction in breathing?
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How does a hole in the lungs affect the pressures necessary for keeping the alveoli open?
How does a hole in the lungs affect the pressures necessary for keeping the alveoli open?
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During inhalation, what physiological change allows for increased air intake?
During inhalation, what physiological change allows for increased air intake?
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What is the total lung capacity composed of?
What is the total lung capacity composed of?
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Which of the following is true about the functional residual capacity?
Which of the following is true about the functional residual capacity?
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What characterizes the vital capacity in pulmonary physiology?
What characterizes the vital capacity in pulmonary physiology?
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What happens to the transpulmonary pressure if both alveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure are equal?
What happens to the transpulmonary pressure if both alveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure are equal?
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Which pressure is considered most important for keeping the alveoli open?
Which pressure is considered most important for keeping the alveoli open?
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Which of the following correctly describes intrapleural pressure during normal quiet breathing?
Which of the following correctly describes intrapleural pressure during normal quiet breathing?
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What characterizes the inspiratory capacity?
What characterizes the inspiratory capacity?
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Why do lungs prefer to rest at functional residual capacity?
Why do lungs prefer to rest at functional residual capacity?
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Which scenario is correct regarding pressures during the respiratory cycle?
Which scenario is correct regarding pressures during the respiratory cycle?
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What does the term residual volume refer to?
What does the term residual volume refer to?
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Which lung capacity represents the total amount of air that can be held in the lungs?
Which lung capacity represents the total amount of air that can be held in the lungs?
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During which part of the respiratory cycle is the intrapleural pressure at its highest?
During which part of the respiratory cycle is the intrapleural pressure at its highest?
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What happens to the alveoli if transpulmonary pressure decreases below a critical level?
What happens to the alveoli if transpulmonary pressure decreases below a critical level?
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Which pressures are necessary to establish the transpulmonary pressure?
Which pressures are necessary to establish the transpulmonary pressure?
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The pressure volume curve for inhalation and ______ of the lungs do not look the same.
The pressure volume curve for inhalation and ______ of the lungs do not look the same.
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Surface tension in the lungs is a key factor that causes pressure volume ______.
Surface tension in the lungs is a key factor that causes pressure volume ______.
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During inspiration, molecules in the lungs are ______ together, resulting in high surface tension.
During inspiration, molecules in the lungs are ______ together, resulting in high surface tension.
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Expiration begins at ______ lung volumes, leading to a greater change in volume for a change in pressure.
Expiration begins at ______ lung volumes, leading to a greater change in volume for a change in pressure.
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The difference in compliance between inhalation and exhalation is an important concept in pulmonary ______.
The difference in compliance between inhalation and exhalation is an important concept in pulmonary ______.
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The volume of air that moves in and out with quiet breathing is called the ______.
The volume of air that moves in and out with quiet breathing is called the ______.
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When you exhale as forcefully as possible, the extra volume pushed out is known as the ______.
When you exhale as forcefully as possible, the extra volume pushed out is known as the ______.
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The extra volume of air that can be inhaled beyond the tidal volume is referred to as the ______.
The extra volume of air that can be inhaled beyond the tidal volume is referred to as the ______.
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The amount of air that remains in the lungs after maximal exhalation is known as the ______.
The amount of air that remains in the lungs after maximal exhalation is known as the ______.
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The tidal volume is involved in which type of breathing, also known as ______ breathing?
The tidal volume is involved in which type of breathing, also known as ______ breathing?
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The residual volume is important because it represents the air that cannot be ______ out of the lungs.
The residual volume is important because it represents the air that cannot be ______ out of the lungs.
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During a maximal inhalation, the ______ is filled to its capacity.
During a maximal inhalation, the ______ is filled to its capacity.
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The red line on the graph changes as a person inhales and exhales, indicating variations in ______.
The red line on the graph changes as a person inhales and exhales, indicating variations in ______.
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The residual volume is the air that can't be blown out no matter how hard you try, and it is included in the total _____ capacity.
The residual volume is the air that can't be blown out no matter how hard you try, and it is included in the total _____ capacity.
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The inspiratory capacity includes tidal volume and the inspiratory _____ volume.
The inspiratory capacity includes tidal volume and the inspiratory _____ volume.
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The vital capacity is the most air that can be _____ after a deep inhalation.
The vital capacity is the most air that can be _____ after a deep inhalation.
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Functional residual capacity includes residual volume plus the _____ reserve volume.
Functional residual capacity includes residual volume plus the _____ reserve volume.
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Atmospheric pressure is considered zero in pulmonary physiology for ease of _____ .
Atmospheric pressure is considered zero in pulmonary physiology for ease of _____ .
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Alveolar pressure is the pressure within the _____ as air is inhaled and exhaled.
Alveolar pressure is the pressure within the _____ as air is inhaled and exhaled.
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Intrapleural pressure is the pressure found in the _____ space between the lungs and the chest wall.
Intrapleural pressure is the pressure found in the _____ space between the lungs and the chest wall.
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Transpulmonary pressure is the difference between alveolar pressure and _____ pressure.
Transpulmonary pressure is the difference between alveolar pressure and _____ pressure.
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A negative intrapleural pressure acts like a vacuum, _____ the walls of the alveoli open.
A negative intrapleural pressure acts like a vacuum, _____ the walls of the alveoli open.
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If the transpulmonary pressure is zero, the alveoli will likely _____ .
If the transpulmonary pressure is zero, the alveoli will likely _____ .
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During normal breathing, the intrapleural pressure is typically _____ at all times.
During normal breathing, the intrapleural pressure is typically _____ at all times.
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The lungs rest at the functional residual capacity, which is where the forces are _____ .
The lungs rest at the functional residual capacity, which is where the forces are _____ .
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During exhalation, the pressure in the alveoli ____ when air is expelled.
During exhalation, the pressure in the alveoli ____ when air is expelled.
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The chest wall wants to expand, creating a force that contributes to the _____ pressure in the pleural space.
The chest wall wants to expand, creating a force that contributes to the _____ pressure in the pleural space.
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The total lung capacity is about _____ liters in healthy adults.
The total lung capacity is about _____ liters in healthy adults.
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The pressure in the pleural space is always negative during ______ breathing.
The pressure in the pleural space is always negative during ______ breathing.
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When there is no pressure inside the airways, the lungs have ______ volume.
When there is no pressure inside the airways, the lungs have ______ volume.
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The tendency of the chest wall is to spring ______.
The tendency of the chest wall is to spring ______.
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At a pressure of zero on the chest walls, they still have ______.
At a pressure of zero on the chest walls, they still have ______.
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The volume of the lungs at the end of a quiet exhalation is known as the ______ residual capacity.
The volume of the lungs at the end of a quiet exhalation is known as the ______ residual capacity.
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Lung compliance is defined as the change in ______ for a given change in pressure.
Lung compliance is defined as the change in ______ for a given change in pressure.
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The relationship between pressure and volume is different when the lungs are ______ compared to being outside the body.
The relationship between pressure and volume is different when the lungs are ______ compared to being outside the body.
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When the lungs are outside the body, they collapse completely due to ______ pressure.
When the lungs are outside the body, they collapse completely due to ______ pressure.
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During inspiration, the lungs expand and the pressure inside them becomes ______.
During inspiration, the lungs expand and the pressure inside them becomes ______.
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The collection of pressure-volume relationships for lungs, chest wall, and respiratory system is visualized in a ______.
The collection of pressure-volume relationships for lungs, chest wall, and respiratory system is visualized in a ______.
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During inhalation, the intrapleural pressure becomes more ______.
During inhalation, the intrapleural pressure becomes more ______.
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The green line represents the relationship of the ______ system as a whole.
The green line represents the relationship of the ______ system as a whole.
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The ______ pressure in the alveoli becomes negative during inhalation.
The ______ pressure in the alveoli becomes negative during inhalation.
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The state where the tendency of the lungs to collapse is balanced by the tendency of the chest wall to expand occurs at ______.
The state where the tendency of the lungs to collapse is balanced by the tendency of the chest wall to expand occurs at ______.
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Physiologists found a relationship between pressure applied to the lungs and changes in ______.
Physiologists found a relationship between pressure applied to the lungs and changes in ______.
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Physiologists originally studied lungs by applying pressure to them outside the body, using ______.
Physiologists originally studied lungs by applying pressure to them outside the body, using ______.
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When the intrapleural pressure rises from -8 to -6.5, the alveolar pressure becomes ______.
When the intrapleural pressure rises from -8 to -6.5, the alveolar pressure becomes ______.
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Air always flows from areas of ______ pressure to areas of low pressure.
Air always flows from areas of ______ pressure to areas of low pressure.
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At the end of inhalation, the alveolar pressure returns to ______.
At the end of inhalation, the alveolar pressure returns to ______.
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During quiet breathing, we typically inhale about a half liter of ______.
During quiet breathing, we typically inhale about a half liter of ______.
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The change in intrapleural pressure during exhalation is from -6.5 to ______.
The change in intrapleural pressure during exhalation is from -6.5 to ______.
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At functional residual capacity (FRC), the forces in the lungs are in ______.
At functional residual capacity (FRC), the forces in the lungs are in ______.
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As air flows into the lungs, the overall lung ______ increases.
As air flows into the lungs, the overall lung ______ increases.
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During exhalation, the lungs ______ due to the positive alveolar pressure.
During exhalation, the lungs ______ due to the positive alveolar pressure.
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The pressure in the pleural space is typically always ______.
The pressure in the pleural space is typically always ______.
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The ______ pressure is positive at +20.
The ______ pressure is positive at +20.
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The diagram discussed reflects changes in ______ and pressure during tidal breathing.
The diagram discussed reflects changes in ______ and pressure during tidal breathing.
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The ______ pressure decreases during exhalation as air is expelled from the lungs.
The ______ pressure decreases during exhalation as air is expelled from the lungs.
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The pressure inside the alveoli is even more positive at +______.
The pressure inside the alveoli is even more positive at +______.
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The equal pressure point occurs when the pressure inside the lungs is equal to the ______ pressure.
The equal pressure point occurs when the pressure inside the lungs is equal to the ______ pressure.
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In healthy individuals, the equal pressure point occurs within the ______ airways.
In healthy individuals, the equal pressure point occurs within the ______ airways.
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In patients with disease lungs, the equal pressure point moves towards the ______.
In patients with disease lungs, the equal pressure point moves towards the ______.
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In emphysema, there is a loss of elastic ______.
In emphysema, there is a loss of elastic ______.
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The result of airway collapse can include obstruction to ______ and air trapping.
The result of airway collapse can include obstruction to ______ and air trapping.
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Pursed lips create an ______ to airflow during exhalation.
Pursed lips create an ______ to airflow during exhalation.
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The pressure drop in the bronchial airways occurs due to ______ of the walls.
The pressure drop in the bronchial airways occurs due to ______ of the walls.
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Hysteresis refers to the dependence of a physical property on its ______.
Hysteresis refers to the dependence of a physical property on its ______.
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In patients with COPD, engagement in behaviors such as slow exhalation helps prevent ______ collapse.
In patients with COPD, engagement in behaviors such as slow exhalation helps prevent ______ collapse.
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During forced exhalation, the pleural pressure can rise significantly, leading to potential airway ______.
During forced exhalation, the pleural pressure can rise significantly, leading to potential airway ______.
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The trachea and bronchi have ______ present to provide structural support.
The trachea and bronchi have ______ present to provide structural support.
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Without cartilage, the bronchioles can ______ if pleural pressure exceeds airway pressure.
Without cartilage, the bronchioles can ______ if pleural pressure exceeds airway pressure.
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In healthy patients, the pleural pressure does not lead to airway collapse because the equal pressure point occurs in the ______ airways.
In healthy patients, the pleural pressure does not lead to airway collapse because the equal pressure point occurs in the ______ airways.
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Transpulmonary pressure is crucial for keeping the alveoli from collapsing, especially in cases of __________.
Transpulmonary pressure is crucial for keeping the alveoli from collapsing, especially in cases of __________.
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In a healthy lung, the pressure in the intrapleural space is typically __________.
In a healthy lung, the pressure in the intrapleural space is typically __________.
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When the pressure in the alveoli becomes positive, it causes air to flow __________ of the lungs.
When the pressure in the alveoli becomes positive, it causes air to flow __________ of the lungs.
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When the intrapleural pressure becomes more negative, the pressure in the alveoli becomes __________.
When the intrapleural pressure becomes more negative, the pressure in the alveoli becomes __________.
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If the lungs are very compliant, it takes a small amount of diaphragm effort to generate just a small amount of pressure and you'll get a large volume change. So compliant lungs have an easy time moving air in and out because they easily expand and contract. Non-compliant lungs are ______.
If the lungs are very compliant, it takes a small amount of diaphragm effort to generate just a small amount of pressure and you'll get a large volume change. So compliant lungs have an easy time moving air in and out because they easily expand and contract. Non-compliant lungs are ______.
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During exhalation, the diaphragm __________ and the intrapleural pressure becomes less negative.
During exhalation, the diaphragm __________ and the intrapleural pressure becomes less negative.
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Patients who have diseases where their lungs become non-compliant will have a lower ______.
Patients who have diseases where their lungs become non-compliant will have a lower ______.
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If the pressure in the alveoli is zero and the atmospheric pressure is also zero, there will be __________ in air flow.
If the pressure in the alveoli is zero and the atmospheric pressure is also zero, there will be __________ in air flow.
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The change in intrapleural pressure is the primary driver of __________ in the lungs.
The change in intrapleural pressure is the primary driver of __________ in the lungs.
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Increased lung compliance occurs in patients with ______.
Increased lung compliance occurs in patients with ______.
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Decreased lung compliance occurs in some disorders such as pneumonia and ______.
Decreased lung compliance occurs in some disorders such as pneumonia and ______.
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In a pneumothorax, the pressure in the intrapleural space becomes __________ due to a hole in the lungs.
In a pneumothorax, the pressure in the intrapleural space becomes __________ due to a hole in the lungs.
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During forced exhalation, the pleural pressure becomes ______.
During forced exhalation, the pleural pressure becomes ______.
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The resting state in a quiet breathing cycle has a pressure of zero in the alveoli and __________ in the intrapleural space.
The resting state in a quiet breathing cycle has a pressure of zero in the alveoli and __________ in the intrapleural space.
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The pressure in the alveoli is governed by the dynamics of __________ pressure.
The pressure in the alveoli is governed by the dynamics of __________ pressure.
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When making a forced exhalation, the pressure in the alveolus can be as high as ______.
When making a forced exhalation, the pressure in the alveolus can be as high as ______.
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When the diaphragm contracts, the intrapleural pressure can become as negative as __________.
When the diaphragm contracts, the intrapleural pressure can become as negative as __________.
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Older patients tend to have an increase in lung ______.
Older patients tend to have an increase in lung ______.
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The green line in the lung pressure-volume relationship graph represents the ______ as a whole.
The green line in the lung pressure-volume relationship graph represents the ______ as a whole.
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Air always flows from an area of __________ pressure to an area of lower pressure.
Air always flows from an area of __________ pressure to an area of lower pressure.
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The primary function of surfactant is to reduce __________ in the alveoli.
The primary function of surfactant is to reduce __________ in the alveoli.
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When a lung becomes non-compliant, the pressure-volume curve will begin to resemble a ______ line.
When a lung becomes non-compliant, the pressure-volume curve will begin to resemble a ______ line.
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A higher compliance and FRC in patients often correlates with conditions like ______.
A higher compliance and FRC in patients often correlates with conditions like ______.
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The process of inhalation increases the pressure __________ inside the alveoli.
The process of inhalation increases the pressure __________ inside the alveoli.
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Positive pressure in the alveoli during exhalation helps to __________ air out of the lungs.
Positive pressure in the alveoli during exhalation helps to __________ air out of the lungs.
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During forced exhalation, air flows out due to the developed pressure gradient, which results from the positive pressure in the ______.
During forced exhalation, air flows out due to the developed pressure gradient, which results from the positive pressure in the ______.
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The equilibrium point where the chest wall is balanced with the lungs will be at a ______ value with non-compliant lungs.
The equilibrium point where the chest wall is balanced with the lungs will be at a ______ value with non-compliant lungs.
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Surfactant is important for maintaining lung ______.
Surfactant is important for maintaining lung ______.
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Elastic recoil of the lungs contributes to the significant pressure observed in the ______ during forced exhalation.
Elastic recoil of the lungs contributes to the significant pressure observed in the ______ during forced exhalation.
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Study Notes
Lung Volumes and Capacities
- Tidal Volume (TV): The volume of air inhaled and exhaled during quiet breathing.
- Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV): The extra volume of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal exhalation.
- Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV): The extra volume of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal inhalation.
- Residual Volume (RV): The volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal exhalation; cannot be expelled.
Lung Capacities
- Total Lung Capacity (TLC): The sum of all lung volumes (TV + ERV + IRV + RV).
- Inspiratory Capacity (IC): The maximum volume of air that can be inhaled from the end of a normal exhalation (IRV + TV).
- Vital Capacity (VC): The maximum volume of air that can be exhaled from the end of a maximal inhalation (ERV + TV + IRV).
- Functional Residual Capacity (FRC): The volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal exhalation (RV + ERV). This is the equilibrium point where lung and chest wall forces are balanced.
Lung Pressures
- Atmospheric Pressure: 760 mmHg (often considered zero in pulmonary physiology).
- Alveolar Pressure: The pressure within the alveoli.
- Intrapleural Pressure: The pressure within the pleural space (always negative).
- Transpulmonary Pressure (TPP): The difference between alveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure. A positive TPP keeps alveoli open.
Respiratory Cycle
- Inhalation: The diaphragm contracts, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity, decreasing intrapleural pressure (more negative), which decreases alveolar pressure allowing air to flow into the lungs.
- Exhalation: The diaphragm relaxes, decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity, increasing intrapleural pressure (less negative), which increases alveolar pressure forcing air out of the lungs.
Pneumothorax
- A pneumothorax is a hole in the lung.
- This allows atmospheric pressure to enter the pleural space, eliminating the negative intrapleural pressure.
- The transpulmonary pressure is reduced to zero, causing lung collapse, as there is no longer enough pressure and force to keep alveoli open.
Forced Exhalation
- Equal Pressure Point: During forced exhalation, pleural pressure becomes positive. The equal pressure point is where the pressure within the airway equals the pleural pressure.
- Beyond this point, collapse of small airways can occur if the pleural pressure exceeds airway pressure.
- In healthy individuals, this point occurs in the cartilaginous airways preventing collapse; but can be compromised in COPD patients, where the equal pressure point occurs in non-cartilaginous airways resulting in airway collapse and obstruction.
Lung Compliance
- Compliance: A measure of how easily the lungs expand (change in volume / change in pressure).
- Noncompliant lungs (stiff): Require greater pressure changes to achieve a given volume change, making breathing difficult.
- Highly compliant lungs (floppy): Expand easily with small pressure changes, making breathing easier.
- FRC and Compliance: A change in lung compliance affects the functional residual capacity (FRC). Decreased compliance leads to a lower FRC; increased compliance leads to a higher FRC.
Hysteresis
- Hysteresis: The difference between the pressure-volume curve of inhalation vs exhalation.
- Surface Tension: Differences in the pressure volume curve for inhalation and exhalation are due to surface tension in the alveoli. Inhalation requires greater pressure for less volume change due to higher intermolecular forces. Exhalation has a gentler slope with larger volume change at lesser pressure due to decreased intermolecular forces.
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Description
Test your knowledge on lung volumes and capacities in this comprehensive quiz. Learn about various respiratory metrics such as Tidal Volume, Residual Volume, and more. Ideal for students studying human anatomy and physiology.
