Lung Cancer Overview

• Lung cancer can metastasize to the bone, spinal column, brain, and lymph nodes.

Overview of Lung Cancer

• Prognosis is generally poor, particularly in advanced stages 3 and 4.
• Bronchogenic carcinoma is categorized into small-cell and non-small cell carcinoma.
• Non-small cell carcinoma includes adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and large-cell carcinoma.
• Lung cancer's pathophysiology involves mutated bronchial epithelial cells.

Risk Factors

• Risk factors include older age, cigarette smoking, exposure to ionizing radiation, inhaled irritants, and radon exposure.

Health Promotion

• Health promotion includes avoiding smoking, limiting occupational exposures, and regular health examinations, especially for high-risk groups like diesel mechanics.

Clinical Manifestations

• Clinical manifestations include persistent cough, hemoptysis, dyspnea, wheezing, clubbing, and recurrent infections like pneumonia.
• Paraneoplastic Syndromes are disorders from tumor secretions affecting various body systems.
• Metastasis is common to the brain and bone.

Diagnostic Tests

• Diagnostic imaging includes CXR, CT, and MRI.
• Additional diagnostic tests are sputum analysis, bronchoscopy, cytological exams, serum labs (CBC, BMP), and pulmonary function tests (PFT).

Surgical Interventions

• Pre/Post-Operative Care involves monitoring vital signs, assessing breath sounds, and managing oxygen therapy and medications.

Pharmacological Interventions

• Pharmacological interventions include chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and analgesics.

Radiation Therapy

• Radiation therapy includes external beam, internal seed, and photodynamic therapy.
• Common side effects include skin irritation, fatigue, and nausea.

Complications of Lung Cancer

• Complications can include superior vena cava syndrome, hypercalcemia, SIADH, pleural effusions, infections, and spinal cord compression, and pulmonary scarring.

Nursing Implementation

• Assessment focuses on respiratory function and pain management.
• Education involves informing about the disease, treatment options, and end-of-life planning.
• Fatigue management encourages rest, supplemental O2, and frequent small meals.

Overview of Cardiomyopathy

• Defined as diseases affecting heart muscle function and can be dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive, or arrhythmogenic.
• Pathophysiology impacts the heart's ability to pump effectively and may be acute or chronic.

Risk Factors

• Risk factors include family history, endocrine disorders, and substance abuse.

Pharmacological Interventions

• Beta Blockers decrease heart workload (e.g., Metoprolol).
• Calcium Channel Blockers reduce heart rate and contractility (e.g., Verapamil).
• ACE Inhibitors/ARBs improve blood flow and lower BP (e.g., Lisinopril).
• Diuretics manage fluid overload (e.g., Furosemide).

Types of Cardiomyopathy

• Dilated cardiomyopathy involves poor cardiac output from enlarged heart chambers and risk factors like alcohol and chemotherapy.
• Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is characterized by thickened heart muscle and can lead to sudden cardiac death in young athletes.
• Restrictive cardiomyopathy involves stiff heart muscle due to infiltration, such as amyloidosis.
• ARVD (Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia) is the replacement of heart tissue with fat and is often asymptomatic until sudden death.

Diagnostic Tests

• Diagnostic tests include echocardiogram, ECG, CXR, hemodynamic monitoring, and myocardial biopsy.

Nursing Implementation

• Education includes educating patients/families on symptoms and lifestyle changes.
• Nurses should also monitor fluid volume status and improve cardiac output.
• Assess and manage fatigue, ensuring energy-conserving strategies.

This lesson covers lung cancer, including its pathophysiology, risk factors, and clinical manifestations. It emphasizes the importance of early detection and health promotion such as avoiding smoking and limiting exposure to irritants. Prognosis is generally poor, particularly in advanced stages.