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Questions and Answers
What characteristic appearance on radiology may indicate infiltration into the bronchus in the case of lung cancer?
What characteristic appearance on radiology may indicate infiltration into the bronchus in the case of lung cancer?
- Necrotic lesions
- Presence of air bronchogram
- Enlarged hilum
- Absence of air bronchogram (correct)
What initial diagnostic tool is typically used for diagnosing bronchogenic carcinoma?
What initial diagnostic tool is typically used for diagnosing bronchogenic carcinoma?
- Gallium scans
- PET scan
- Lung X-Ray (correct)
- MRI
Which of the following is NOT a common site to which primary lung cancer metastasizes?
Which of the following is NOT a common site to which primary lung cancer metastasizes?
- Heart (correct)
- Liver
- Bone
- Brain
What is a notable effect associated with bronchogenic carcinoma as observed on a radiological scan?
What is a notable effect associated with bronchogenic carcinoma as observed on a radiological scan?
What method may best demonstrate the spread of lung cancer to other organs in a less invasive manner?
What method may best demonstrate the spread of lung cancer to other organs in a less invasive manner?
Which route is NOT involved in the hematogenous spread of lung malignancy?
Which route is NOT involved in the hematogenous spread of lung malignancy?
What is a common secondary effect of bronchogenic carcinoma visible on imaging studies?
What is a common secondary effect of bronchogenic carcinoma visible on imaging studies?
Which technique is most likely to provide a tissue sample for diagnosing a nodule in suspected bronchogenic carcinoma?
Which technique is most likely to provide a tissue sample for diagnosing a nodule in suspected bronchogenic carcinoma?
What is the most common site of occlusions in pulmonary embolism?
What is the most common site of occlusions in pulmonary embolism?
Which of the following is NOT a potential cause of pulmonary embolism?
Which of the following is NOT a potential cause of pulmonary embolism?
What symptom is commonly associated with pulmonary embolism?
What symptom is commonly associated with pulmonary embolism?
Which imaging modality is the first choice for diagnosing pulmonary embolism?
Which imaging modality is the first choice for diagnosing pulmonary embolism?
What is the primary treatment method for managing recurrent thrombi in pulmonary embolism?
What is the primary treatment method for managing recurrent thrombi in pulmonary embolism?
What radiographic appearance would indicate a pulmonary embolism?
What radiographic appearance would indicate a pulmonary embolism?
Which condition is characterized by a stationary blood clot that forms in a blood vessel?
Which condition is characterized by a stationary blood clot that forms in a blood vessel?
What could lead to ischemia in lung tissue due to pulmonary embolism?
What could lead to ischemia in lung tissue due to pulmonary embolism?
Which of the following does NOT represent a preventive measure for pulmonary embolism?
Which of the following does NOT represent a preventive measure for pulmonary embolism?
What does a filling defect within the pulmonary artery indicate on a CT scan?
What does a filling defect within the pulmonary artery indicate on a CT scan?
Which type of lung cancer typically arises in the periphery of the lung?
Which type of lung cancer typically arises in the periphery of the lung?
What factor is associated with an increased incidence of bronchogenic carcinoma?
What factor is associated with an increased incidence of bronchogenic carcinoma?
Which of these describes the term 'Embolus'?
Which of these describes the term 'Embolus'?
Which symptom might indicate a significant pulmonary embolism complication?
Which symptom might indicate a significant pulmonary embolism complication?
What is primarily affected in patients with cystic fibrosis?
What is primarily affected in patients with cystic fibrosis?
What type of disease is Hyaline Membrane Disease primarily associated with?
What type of disease is Hyaline Membrane Disease primarily associated with?
Which radiographic appearance is characteristic of cystic fibrosis?
Which radiographic appearance is characteristic of cystic fibrosis?
What is the main cause of pulmonary metastases leading to lung cancer?
What is the main cause of pulmonary metastases leading to lung cancer?
What is the purpose of using prophylactic antibiotics in cystic fibrosis patients?
What is the purpose of using prophylactic antibiotics in cystic fibrosis patients?
What prominent effect is seen in lung imaging for Thyroid cancer metastasis?
What prominent effect is seen in lung imaging for Thyroid cancer metastasis?
Which symptom is commonly associated with Hyaline Membrane Disease in newborns?
Which symptom is commonly associated with Hyaline Membrane Disease in newborns?
What is a common consequence of thick mucus in patients with cystic fibrosis?
What is a common consequence of thick mucus in patients with cystic fibrosis?
What type of glands secrete substances directly into the bloodstream?
What type of glands secrete substances directly into the bloodstream?
What is the primary reason for hyperinflation seen in cystic fibrosis radiographs?
What is the primary reason for hyperinflation seen in cystic fibrosis radiographs?
What is a common radiological appearance associated with bronchogenic carcinoma that differentiates it from pneumonia?
What is a common radiological appearance associated with bronchogenic carcinoma that differentiates it from pneumonia?
Which of the following is the most common route for malignancy to spread to the lungs?
Which of the following is the most common route for malignancy to spread to the lungs?
What does a raised left hemi diaphragm on imaging potentially indicate?
What does a raised left hemi diaphragm on imaging potentially indicate?
What type of scan best identifies where bronchogenic carcinoma may have deposited in the body?
What type of scan best identifies where bronchogenic carcinoma may have deposited in the body?
What is a potential secondary effect of bronchogenic carcinoma as observed on imaging studies?
What is a potential secondary effect of bronchogenic carcinoma as observed on imaging studies?
Which of the following methods is NOT typically used for diagnosing bronchogenic carcinoma?
Which of the following methods is NOT typically used for diagnosing bronchogenic carcinoma?
Which organ system is commonly affected by metastases from bronchogenic carcinoma?
Which organ system is commonly affected by metastases from bronchogenic carcinoma?
What is the most common cause of pulmonary embolism?
What is the most common cause of pulmonary embolism?
Which symptom is most characteristic of pulmonary embolism?
Which symptom is most characteristic of pulmonary embolism?
How does a pulmonary embolism primarily affect the lung tissue?
How does a pulmonary embolism primarily affect the lung tissue?
Which imaging modality is considered the preferred choice for diagnosing pulmonary embolism?
Which imaging modality is considered the preferred choice for diagnosing pulmonary embolism?
What is the primary role of anticoagulant therapy in managing pulmonary embolism?
What is the primary role of anticoagulant therapy in managing pulmonary embolism?
Which of the following best describes the radiographic appearance associated with pulmonary embolism?
Which of the following best describes the radiographic appearance associated with pulmonary embolism?
What does 'IVC filter placement' aim to achieve in the context of recurrent pulmonary embolism?
What does 'IVC filter placement' aim to achieve in the context of recurrent pulmonary embolism?
In which region of the lungs do most pulmonary embolisms occlude blood flow?
In which region of the lungs do most pulmonary embolisms occlude blood flow?
Which of the following is NOT a method of preventing pulmonary embolism?
Which of the following is NOT a method of preventing pulmonary embolism?
What characteristic appearance would one expect to find on CT indicating a pulmonary embolism?
What characteristic appearance would one expect to find on CT indicating a pulmonary embolism?
Which of these factors is a potential risk for developing a pulmonary embolism?
Which of these factors is a potential risk for developing a pulmonary embolism?
Which type of embolism involves fat or air bubbles that can travel through the bloodstream?
Which type of embolism involves fat or air bubbles that can travel through the bloodstream?
What exclusive characteristic distinguishes a thrombus from an embolus?
What exclusive characteristic distinguishes a thrombus from an embolus?
Which condition would most likely lead to a pulmonary infarct?
Which condition would most likely lead to a pulmonary infarct?
What is the respiratory complication commonly associated with cystic fibrosis in children under 10 years old?
What is the respiratory complication commonly associated with cystic fibrosis in children under 10 years old?
Which radiographic feature is characteristic of Hyaline Membrane Disease in newborns?
Which radiographic feature is characteristic of Hyaline Membrane Disease in newborns?
What primary treatment is recommended for cystic fibrosis to reduce the risk of lung infections?
What primary treatment is recommended for cystic fibrosis to reduce the risk of lung infections?
In which demographic is Hyaline Membrane Disease most commonly observed?
In which demographic is Hyaline Membrane Disease most commonly observed?
What physiological process is impaired in cystic fibrosis due to thick mucus production?
What physiological process is impaired in cystic fibrosis due to thick mucus production?
What is a common symptom of Hyaline Membrane Disease in newborns?
What is a common symptom of Hyaline Membrane Disease in newborns?
Which of the following is a complication of cystic fibrosis affecting the pancreas?
Which of the following is a complication of cystic fibrosis affecting the pancreas?
What type of lesions can pulmonary metastases present as on imaging?
What type of lesions can pulmonary metastases present as on imaging?
Which genetic abnormality is associated with cystic fibrosis?
Which genetic abnormality is associated with cystic fibrosis?
How does the appearance of thyroid cancer metastases differ on radiological scans?
How does the appearance of thyroid cancer metastases differ on radiological scans?
Flashcards
Bronchogenic Carcinoma
Bronchogenic Carcinoma
Lung cancer originating in the bronchi.
Pulmonary Metastasis
Pulmonary Metastasis
Cancer that spreads from another part of the body to the lungs.
Primary Lung Cancer
Primary Lung Cancer
Cancer that starts in the lungs.
Lung Cancer Metastasis
Lung Cancer Metastasis
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Radiographic Appearance of Bronchogenic Carcinoma
Radiographic Appearance of Bronchogenic Carcinoma
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Diagnosis of Bronchogenic Carcinoma
Diagnosis of Bronchogenic Carcinoma
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Pulmonary Metastases Routes
Pulmonary Metastases Routes
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Secondary Effects of Bronchogenic Carcinoma
Secondary Effects of Bronchogenic Carcinoma
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Pulmonary Embolism (PE)
Pulmonary Embolism (PE)
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Deep Venous Thrombosis (DVT)
Deep Venous Thrombosis (DVT)
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PE Risk Factors
PE Risk Factors
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PE Symptoms
PE Symptoms
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PE Treatment
PE Treatment
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PE Prevention
PE Prevention
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PE Radiographic Appearance
PE Radiographic Appearance
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Pulmonary Infarct
Pulmonary Infarct
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Bronchogenic Carcinoma Types
Bronchogenic Carcinoma Types
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Risk Factors for Lung Cancer
Risk Factors for Lung Cancer
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Malignant vs. Benign
Malignant vs. Benign
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Thrombus
Thrombus
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Embolus
Embolus
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Metastatic Spread Sources
Metastatic Spread Sources
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Radiological Appearance (Metastases)
Radiological Appearance (Metastases)
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Cystic Fibrosis
Cystic Fibrosis
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Cystic Fibrosis Cause
Cystic Fibrosis Cause
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Cystic Fibrosis Lung Issues
Cystic Fibrosis Lung Issues
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Hyaline Membrane Disease
Hyaline Membrane Disease
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Hyaline Membrane Disease Symptoms
Hyaline Membrane Disease Symptoms
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Hyaline Membrane Disease X-ray
Hyaline Membrane Disease X-ray
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Cystic Fibrosis X-ray Appearance
Cystic Fibrosis X-ray Appearance
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Lung Metastases Appearance
Lung Metastases Appearance
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What is the 'snowstorm effect' in lung imaging?
What is the 'snowstorm effect' in lung imaging?
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How does Cystic Fibrosis affect the lungs?
How does Cystic Fibrosis affect the lungs?
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What is Hyaline Membrane Disease?
What is Hyaline Membrane Disease?
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How does Hyaline Membrane Disease appear on imaging?
How does Hyaline Membrane Disease appear on imaging?
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Cystic Fibrosis Imaging Appearance
Cystic Fibrosis Imaging Appearance
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What are some treatment options for Cystic Fibrosis?
What are some treatment options for Cystic Fibrosis?
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What are the 5 ways cancer spreads to the lungs?
What are the 5 ways cancer spreads to the lungs?
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What's a telltale sign of lung cancer on X-rays?
What's a telltale sign of lung cancer on X-rays?
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What are the secondary effects of lung cancer?
What are the secondary effects of lung cancer?
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What makes lung cancer so challenging to detect?
What makes lung cancer so challenging to detect?
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What are the diagnostic tools for lung cancer?
What are the diagnostic tools for lung cancer?
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What distinguishes pulmonary metastases from a primary lung tumor?
What distinguishes pulmonary metastases from a primary lung tumor?
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What is the significance of an enlarged hilum on lung X-rays?
What is the significance of an enlarged hilum on lung X-rays?
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What are the typical radiographic characteristics of pulmonary metastases?
What are the typical radiographic characteristics of pulmonary metastases?
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What is Pulmonary Embolism?
What is Pulmonary Embolism?
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Why are lower lobes affected more?
Why are lower lobes affected more?
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Major Cause of PE?
Major Cause of PE?
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Risk factors for PE?
Risk factors for PE?
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What is a thrombus?
What is a thrombus?
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What is an embolus?
What is an embolus?
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What happens to lung tissue in PE?
What happens to lung tissue in PE?
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CT scan for PE?
CT scan for PE?
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Radiographic Features of PE?
Radiographic Features of PE?
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What is bronchogenic carcinoma?
What is bronchogenic carcinoma?
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What are the 4 main types of lung cancer?
What are the 4 main types of lung cancer?
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What is adenocarcinoma?
What is adenocarcinoma?
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What is squamous cell carcinoma?
What is squamous cell carcinoma?
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What is small cell carcinoma?
What is small cell carcinoma?
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Study Notes
Pulmonary Embolism
- Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a potentially fatal condition.
- A dislodged thrombus from the deep venous system (most common) or veins in the arms (less common) travels to the heart and is deposited in a pulmonary artery.
- Most emboli occur in the lower lung lobes due to blood flow patterns.
- PE is a common cause of death in hospitalized patients.
- Less blood flow occurs in the lower lungs than the upper lungs.
- A dislodged thrombus can be from the legs (most common), or arms (less common).
Causes of Pulmonary Embolism
- Heart disease
- Cancer
- Post-surgery
- Prolonged immobility
- Fat embolism from trauma
- Smoking
- Overweight
- Estrogen replacement therapy
- Pregnancy
Symptoms of Pulmonary Embolism
- Chest pain
- Shortness of breath (dyspnea)
- Cough
- Rapid heartbeat (tachycardia)
- Inability to lie flat
- Leg pain
- Lightheadedness and dizziness
Treatment of Pulmonary Embolism
- Anticoagulant therapy
- Thrombolytic therapy for recurrent emboli
- IVC filter placement for recurrent emboli or trauma
Prevention of Pulmonary Embolism
- Compression stockings
- Movement and frequent changes in posture
- Staying hydrated
- Regular breaks from sitting
Radiographic Appearance of Pulmonary Embolism
- Increased radiolucency distal to the embolus
- Absence of lung markings distally
- Characteristic wedge-shaped infiltrate reaching out to the pleura
- Associated with pleural effusion
- CT scan is the preferred modality for diagnosis
- Chest X-rays may sometimes be negative
- Sometimes, findings on chest X-rays may be negative or inconclusive. CT scans are often needed
Results of Pulmonary Embolism
- Lung tissue beyond the embolus no longer receives blood.
- Causes ischemia (lack of blood supply), leading to pulmonary infarct (death of lung tissue).
Bronchogenic Carcinoma (Lung Cancer)
- Arises from the mucosa of the bronchial tree.
- Increased incidence in heavy smokers and those exposed to pollutants and carcinogens.
- A broad term used to describe various types of lung cancer resulting from inhalation of carcinogens
Types of Bronchogenic Carcinoma
- Adenocarcinoma: Typically arises in the lung periphery
- Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Most common type
- Bronchiolar Alveolar Carcinoma: Large cell
- Small Cell Oat Cell Carcinoma: Most aggressive
Benign vs Malignant Lesions
- Well-circumscribed lesions on imaging are often benign
- The presence of hair-like linear streaks radiating from a lesion on imaging suggests malignancy
Primary Malignant Lung Tumor - Radiological Appearance
- Wide spectrum of radiographic abnormalities
- Dependent on the tumor's location and relation to the bronchial tree
- A discreet mass may not be apparent, but inferred from secondary changes due to obstruction or compression of the bronchus
- Airway obstruction on imaging often indicates a tumor.
Bronchogenic Carcinoma - Metastasis
- Lung cancer cells can break off and spread to other body sites.
- Common metastatic sites include lymph nodes, liver, adrenal glands, bone, and brain.
Pulmonary Metastases
- Lung lesions developed from primary cancer elsewhere in the body,
- One-third of cancer patients develop pulmonary metastases.
- They are much more common than primary lung neoplasms
- Metastasis may appear as nodules or more diffuse, vascular patterns.
Pulmonary Metastases - Routes of Malignancy Spread
- Haematogenous (bloodstream)
- Lymphatic
- Direct extension by invasion from the primary lung neoplasm
- Direct implantation from biopsy or surgery
- Transcoelemic (seeding of cells through body cavities (ex: esophagus, stomach, bronchus, breast, or diaphragm))
Pulmonary Metastases - Cancer Origin Sites
- Breast cancer
- Gastrointestinal Cancer
- Melanoma
- Gynecological cancers
- Prostate cancer
- Musculoskeletal sarcomas
- Thyroid cancer
Pulmonary Metastases - Radiological Appearance
- Multiple well-circumscribed round or oval nodules are common
- Appearance ranges from fine nodules to highly vascular tumors (ex: Thyroid cancer with a snowstorm effect).
- The appearance depends on the origin of the metastasis.
- Imaging may show multiple, more diffuse, radiolucent areas between the nodules.
Lung Metastases - Radiographic appearance
- Multiple radiolucent areas between solid lesions in the lung
Congenital Neonatal
- Cystic fibrosis: A genetic disease characterized by increased viscosity of mucus produced by exocrine glands
- Hyaline membrane disease (newborn respiratory distress syndrome): A condition that results from a deficiency in surfactant (substance in lungs keeping air sacs open) which prevents lung expansion
Cystic Fibrosis - Causes
- Defective gene on chromosome 7
- Affects the pancreas and digestive system
- 90% morbidity due to respiratory involvement
Cystic Fibrosis - Symptoms
- Thick mucus secreted by the trachea and bronchial passages
- Mucus plugs block air passages
- Recurrent lung infections
- Development of bronchiectasis (large cysts and abscesses) in young patients
- Impeded pancreatic enzyme production, leading to poor digestion of fats and malnutrition
- Large quantities of foul-smelling stools
Cystic Fibrosis - Radiographic Appearance
- Irregular thickening of linear markings throughout the lungs with hyperinflation
- Looks similar to adult chronic disease
- Radiographs may show hyperinflation and irregular markings throughout the lung fields. CT scans are often necessary to fully assess the disease
Cystic Fibrosis - Treatment
- Prophylactic antibiotics to reduce risk of lung infections
- Chest physiotherapy for mucus removal.
- Life expectancy has increased since the 1950's
- Treatment focuses on managing symptoms and complications
Hyaline Membrane Disease - Causes
- Occurs primarily in prematurely born infants
- Result from a lack of surfactant in the lungs
Hyaline Membrane Disease - Symptoms
- Respiratory difficulty within first hour after birth
- Cyanosis
- Grunting sounds
- Flaring nostrils
- Retraction of the chest wall.
Hyaline Membrane Disease - Radiographic Appearance
- Widespread minute pulmonary granular opacities
- Ground-glass appearance
- Air filled bronchial tree/Bronchogram sign
- The bronchi are surrounded by non-aerated alveoli
- Radiographic appearance may show a "ground-glass" appearance and air bronchograms.
Congenital Disorders – Overview
- Agenesis: Complete absence of an organ due to absence of primordial tissue
- Aplasia: Failure of an organ to develop or function normally
- Hypoplasia: Underdevelopment or incomplete development of an organ
- Atresia: Absence or closure of a normal body orifice or passage (eg., esophageal atresia, which can cause aspiration pneumonia)
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Description
Test your knowledge on bronchogenic carcinoma with this informative quiz. Explore radiological signs, diagnostic tools, and metastasis patterns associated with lung cancer. Perfect for medical students and healthcare professionals looking to assess their understanding.
