Lung Cancer: Causes, Types, and Prevalence

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At what age is lung cancer most prevalent?

Over 45 (correct)
Over 50
Over 30
Over 40

What is the most common cause of lung cancer?

Passive smoking
Smoking (correct)
Pollution and asbestos exposure
Metastasis from breast cancer

What is the main difference between small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer?

Growth rate and metastasis (correct)
Causative factors
Location in the lungs
Symptoms presented

What is a local clinical feature of lung cancer?

Persistent cough (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a systemic clinical feature of lung cancer?

Clubbing (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a chronic obstructive airways disease related to lung cancer?

Chronic bronchitis (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of chronic bronchitis?

Inflammation and scarring of the bronchi (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a risk factor for chronic bronchitis?

Exposure to atmospheric pollutants (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary symptom of chronic bronchitis?

Daily productive cough for 3 months or more (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of bronchodilators in treating chronic bronchitis?

To relax the muscles around the airways (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of emphysema?

Permanent enlargement and destruction of airspaces (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a symptom of pink puffers?

Pursed-lip breathing (D) Signup and view all the answers

Why are blue bloaters called blue bloaters?

Because their muscles work less (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the disease that makes a patient more prone to chronic bronchitis and emphysema?

Cystic fibrosis (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is bronchiectasis?

Dilation of the bronchi (B) Signup and view all the answers

When is the body most susceptible to pneumonia?

When the immune system is weak (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant reason for dental staff to be vaccinated against tuberculosis?

To prevent transmission of the disease to patients (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of rifampicin on dentures?

It causes orange secretions that can stain dentures (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the usual cause of painful ragged ulcers in the mouth?

Secondary oral infection from pulmonary TB (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the uncommon disorder that causes inflammation of the blood vessels in the nose, sinuses, throat, lungs, and kidneys?

Wegener's granulomatosis (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the likely cause of an acute obstruction of the airways?

Anaphylactic reaction (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in treating an anaphylaxis reaction?

Move all dangerous objects out of the way (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the syndrome that causes aspiration pneumonia?

Mendelson's syndrome (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of lung abscess?

Foreign body (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between TB infection and active TB?

TB infection is asymptomatic, while active TB has symptoms (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the BCG vaccination?

To prevent post primary TB (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the test used to detect TB?

Tuberculin test (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical treatment duration for TB?

6 months (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the initial mycobacterial infection in patients who have never been previously exposed to TB?

Primary TB (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the antibiotic that can cause orange secretions, which can stain contact lenses?

Rifampicin (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process by which the immune system walls off infective cells by forming an organized aggregate of immune cells?

Granulomas (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the investigation used to detect pneumonia?

CXR (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of lung cancer diagnosis associated with smoking?

90% (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a metastatic clinical feature of lung cancer?

Bone pain (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the syndrome caused by damage to the cervical sympathetic chain in lung cancer?

Horner's Syndrome (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of chronic bronchitis?

A chronic inflammatory disease characterized by persistent cough and sputum production (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a type of lung cancer that has a rapid growth rate and early metastasis?

Small cell lung cancer (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the age group in which lung cancer is most prevalent?

Over 45 (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which the body responds to chronic bronchitis?

Compensatory hyperventilation (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for chronic bronchitis?

Regular exercise (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the syndrome characterized by inflammation of the substance of the lung?

Pneumonia (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between pink puffers and blue bloaters?

Pink puffers are more CO2 responsive, while blue bloaters are more CO2 retentive (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for lung bases collapse and sputum stagnation after GA and abdominal surgery?

Stagnation of respiratory secretions (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of chronic obstructive airway disease?

Irreversible airflow limitation (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process by which the alveolar membranes break down in emphysema?

Enzymatic destruction (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between Mendelson's syndrome and lung abscess?

Mendelson's syndrome is caused by aspiration of gastric acid, whereas lung abscess is caused by pneumonia (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of CXR in detecting pneumonia?

To visualize the lung lobes (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a symptom of emphysema?

Severe dyspnea (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason oxygen therapy is not recommended for chronic bronchitis?

It increases CO2 retention (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between TB infection and active TB?

TB infection is not contagious, whereas active TB is (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of granulomas in TB pathogenesis?

To wall off infective cells (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the disease that makes a patient more prone to both chronic bronchitis and emphysema?

Cystic fibrosis (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of primary tuberculosis?

An initial mycobacterial infection to patients never previously exposed to TB (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of blue bloaters?

Increased CO2 retention (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of BCG vaccination?

To prevent primary TB (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between TH1 and TH2 granuloma responses?

TH1 response is not associated with giant langerhans cells, whereas TH2 response is (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of tuberculin testing?

To show immunity to TB (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of contact tracing in postprimary TB?

To prevent postprimary TB (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason dental staff should postpone treatment for patients with known smear-positive pulmonary TB?

To reduce the risk of cross-infection and potential co-infection with HIV (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of rifampicin on the metabolism of certain medications?

It decreases the effectiveness of midazolam and warfarin (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of granulomas in sarcoidosis?

They are red and swollen patches of tissue (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of anaphylaxis?

The allergen binds to mast cells, causing degranulation and histamine release (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason for the development of painful ragged ulcers in the mouth?

Secondary to pulmonary TB (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of M. tuberculosis surviving on equipment and surfaces for up to two weeks?

It suggests that the bacterium can survive outside of the human body (A) Signup and view all the answers