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Questions and Answers
Questions and Answers
What is the termination level of the lumbar spinal cord?
What is the termination level of the lumbar spinal cord?
L1-L2
Which part of the lumbar vertebrae is thicker compared to cervical or thoracic vertebrae?
Which part of the lumbar vertebrae is thicker compared to cervical or thoracic vertebrae?
Laminae
What is the shape of the body of the L5 lumbar vertebra for articulation with the sacrum?
What is the shape of the body of the L5 lumbar vertebra for articulation with the sacrum?
Wedge-shaped
How are the lumbar transverse processes of L1-L3 directed?
How are the lumbar transverse processes of L1-L3 directed?
Where are the accessory processes located in the lumbar vertebrae?
Where are the accessory processes located in the lumbar vertebrae?
What is the characteristic shape of the lumbar vertebra L5 spinous process?
What is the characteristic shape of the lumbar vertebra L5 spinous process?
Describe the natural curve of the lumbar spine.
Describe the natural curve of the lumbar spine.
Which part of the lumbar vertebrae has a smooth rounded projection on the back of each superior articular process?
Which part of the lumbar vertebrae has a smooth rounded projection on the back of each superior articular process?
What is the position of the hips, shoulders, and knees in a left lateral L-spine position?
What is the position of the hips, shoulders, and knees in a left lateral L-spine position?
Where should the Central ray be angled if the L-spine is not horizontal?
Where should the Central ray be angled if the L-spine is not horizontal?
What is the breathing instruction for an L5-S1 spot X-ray?
What is the breathing instruction for an L5-S1 spot X-ray?
What structures are seen in an AP Axial L5-S1 X-ray?
What structures are seen in an AP Axial L5-S1 X-ray?
What is the position of the patient in a lateral hyperflexion L-spine X-ray?
What is the position of the patient in a lateral hyperflexion L-spine X-ray?
Where should the Central ray be placed in an AP axial sacrum X-ray?
Where should the Central ray be placed in an AP axial sacrum X-ray?
What is the breathing instruction for an AP coccyx X-ray?
What is the breathing instruction for an AP coccyx X-ray?
What is the purpose of lateral hyperflexion/hyperextension L-spine X-ray?
What is the purpose of lateral hyperflexion/hyperextension L-spine X-ray?
What is the angle at which the majority of the Lumbar Vertebra Zygapophyseal Joints are demonstrated?
What is the angle at which the majority of the Lumbar Vertebra Zygapophyseal Joints are demonstrated?
How many sacral vertebrae fuse together to form the Sacrum?
How many sacral vertebrae fuse together to form the Sacrum?
What is the structural difference between the male and female sacrum?
What is the structural difference between the male and female sacrum?
What is the name of the prominent ridge on the base of the sacrum?
What is the name of the prominent ridge on the base of the sacrum?
What is the anatomical feature present on the sacral ala that contains the articular surface for the iliac bones of the pelvis?
What is the anatomical feature present on the sacral ala that contains the articular surface for the iliac bones of the pelvis?
Where is the sacral canal located in relation to the bodies of the sacral segments?
Where is the sacral canal located in relation to the bodies of the sacral segments?
How many processes project from the posterolateral aspect of the last sacral segment?
How many processes project from the posterolateral aspect of the last sacral segment?
What are the components that compose the coccyx?
What are the components that compose the coccyx?
What is the recommended patient breathing technique for 45° RPO/LPO L-SPINE radiographs?
What is the recommended patient breathing technique for 45° RPO/LPO L-SPINE radiographs?
What is the position of the patient for Left Lateral L-Spine radiographs?
What is the position of the patient for Left Lateral L-Spine radiographs?
What is the role of the lead strip in Left Lateral L-Spine radiographs?
What is the role of the lead strip in Left Lateral L-Spine radiographs?
Where should the central ray be positioned for Left Lateral L-Spine radiographs?
Where should the central ray be positioned for Left Lateral L-Spine radiographs?
What structures are seen in Left Lateral L-Spine radiographs?
What structures are seen in Left Lateral L-Spine radiographs?
How should the central ray be angled for L5-S1 Spot radiographs?
How should the central ray be angled for L5-S1 Spot radiographs?
Where is the central ray positioned for L5-S1 Spot radiographs?
Where is the central ray positioned for L5-S1 Spot radiographs?
What are some of the structures seen in L5-S1 Spot radiographs?
What are some of the structures seen in L5-S1 Spot radiographs?
What is the purpose of correcting the tube angle in an AP coccyx view?
What is the purpose of correcting the tube angle in an AP coccyx view?
If a coccyx view is performed in a PA position, what angle should be used?
If a coccyx view is performed in a PA position, what angle should be used?
Where is the central ray directed in a lateral sacrum X-ray?
Where is the central ray directed in a lateral sacrum X-ray?
What structure is closely superimposed with the lateral aspect of the sacrum in a lateral sacrum X-ray?
What structure is closely superimposed with the lateral aspect of the sacrum in a lateral sacrum X-ray?
How many sacral vertebrae fuse to form the sacrum?
How many sacral vertebrae fuse to form the sacrum?
What are the characteristics of the spinal cord termination?
What are the characteristics of the spinal cord termination?
What are the unique characteristics of the lumbar vertebrae L5?
What are the unique characteristics of the lumbar vertebrae L5?
How many coccygeal segments fuse to form the coccyx bone in adulthood?
How many coccygeal segments fuse to form the coccyx bone in adulthood?
Questions and Answers
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Study Notes
Study Notes
Lumbar Spinal Cord
- The termination level of the lumbar spinal cord is L1-L2.
Lumbar Vertebrae Characteristics
- The lumbar vertebrae have thicker bodies and shorter spinous processes compared to cervical and thoracic vertebrae.
- The body of the L5 lumbar vertebra is kidney-shaped for articulation with the sacrum.
Transverse Processes
- The lumbar transverse processes of L1-L3 are directed laterally and slightly backward.
Accessory Processes
- The accessory processes are small and located near the base of the transverse processes in the lumbar vertebrae.
Spinous Processes
- The spinous process of the lumbar vertebra L5 is triangular and blunt.
Lumbar Spine
- The natural curve of the lumbar spine is lordotic.
Superior Articular Process
- The superior articular process of the lumbar vertebrae has a smooth rounded projection on the back.
Radiography Techniques
- In a left lateral L-spine position, the hips, shoulders, and knees are aligned.
- For an L-spine that is not horizontal, the central ray should be angled accordingly.
- The breathing instruction for an L5-S1 spot X-ray is to hold breath and not move.
- In an AP Axial L5-S1 X-ray, the sacrum, L5, and S1 are seen.
Lateral Hyperflexion L-Spine X-ray
- The patient position for a lateral hyperflexion L-spine X-ray is flexion.
AP Axial Sacrum X-ray
- The central ray for an AP axial sacrum X-ray should be placed at the midpoint of the sacrum.
Breathing Instruction
- The breathing instruction for an AP coccyx X-ray is to exhale slowly.
Lateral Hyperflexion/Hyperextension L-Spine X-ray
- The purpose of lateral hyperflexion/hyperextension L-spine X-rays is to demonstrate the lumbar spine in flexion and extension.
Zygapophyseal Joints
- The majority of the Lumbar Vertebra Zygapophyseal Joints are demonstrated at an angle of 45°.
Sacrum
- Five sacral vertebrae fuse together to form the sacrum.
- The sacrum is wider and more curved in females compared to males.
- The prominent ridge on the base of the sacrum is called the apex.
- The sacral ala contains the articular surface for the iliac bones of the pelvis.
- The sacral canal is located posterior to the bodies of the sacral segments.
- Four processes project from the posterolateral aspect of the last sacral segment.
Coccyx
- The coccyx is composed of 3-5 fused coccygeal segments.
- The recommended patient breathing technique for 45° RPO/LPO L-SPINE radiographs is to hold breath and not move.
Radiographs
- In Left Lateral L-Spine radiographs, the patient position is left lateral.
- The lead strip in Left Lateral L-Spine radiographs is used to reduce scatter radiation.
- The central ray for Left Lateral L-Spine radiographs should be positioned at the midpoint of the lumbar spine.
- In Left Lateral L-Spine radiographs, the lumbar spine, sacrum, and coccyx are seen.
- For L5-S1 Spot radiographs, the central ray should be angled 10-15° caudad.
- The central ray for L5-S1 Spot radiographs is positioned at the midpoint of the L5-S1 disk space.
- In L5-S1 Spot radiographs, the L5-S1 disk space and surrounding bones are seen.
AP Coccyx View
- The purpose of correcting the tube angle in an AP coccyx view is to demonstrate the coccyx.
- If a coccyx view is performed in a PA position, the angle should be 10-15° cephalad.
Lateral Sacrum X-ray
- The central ray for a lateral sacrum X-ray should be directed at the midpoint of the sacrum.
- The structure closely superimposed with the lateral aspect of the sacrum in a lateral sacrum X-ray is the ilium.
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