Ludlum Model 44-2 Gamma Scintillator User Manual

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Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of the Ludlum Model 44-2 Gamma Scintillator?

Neutron radiation detection

Alpha radiation detection

Beta radiation detection

Gamma radiation detection (correct)

What is the diameter of the magnetically shielded photomultiplier tube in the Model 44-2 Gamma Scintillator?

7.3 cm

2.9 cm (correct)

5.1 cm

1.1 cm

What is the efficiency of the Model 44-2 Gamma Scintillator for 57Co?

10% (correct)

15%

What is the recommended temperature range for the Model 44-2 Gamma Scintillator?

-15 to 50 °C Signup and view all the answers

How should the cable be connected to the detector and instrument?

By pushing the connector together while twisting clockwise one quarter of a turn Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of exposing the detector to a check source during testing?

To verify the detector's efficiency Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical background reading for the Model 44-2 Gamma Scintillator?

1.4-2.6 kcpm or 8-15 µR/hr Signup and view all the answers

What should be done if the detector fails to meet the testing criteria?

Contact the manufacturer for repair or replacement Signup and view all the answers

What is the material used for the housing of the Model 44-2 Gamma Scintillator?

Aluminum Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary material used in the Model 44-2 gamma scintillator?

Sodium Iodide (NaI) Signup and view all the answers

What is the thickness of the front entrance window of the Model 44-2 gamma scintillator?

2.3 mm Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended instrument input sensitivity for the Model 44-2 gamma scintillator?

Approximately 10 mV Signup and view all the answers

What is the energy range that the Model 44-2 gamma scintillator is primarily used for detecting?

20 keV–1.5 MeV Signup and view all the answers

What is a common application of the Model 44-2 gamma scintillator?

Low-level radiation detection Signup and view all the answers

What is the response of the Model 44-2 gamma scintillator in the 100keV range?

It over-responds by a factor of 10 or greater Signup and view all the answers

What voltage range is required to operate the Model 44-2 gamma scintillator?

500–1200 volts Signup and view all the answers

What type of material does the detector contain?

Non-consumable materials Signup and view all the answers

What is the ideal operating voltage range for the Model 44-2 gamma scintillator?

500-1200 volts Signup and view all the answers

What is the response of the Model 44-2 gamma scintillator above 1 MeV?

Under-responding by a factor of 0.5 Signup and view all the answers

What is the thickness of the aluminum housing of the Model 44-2 gamma scintillator?

0.157 cm Signup and view all the answers

What is a common application of the Model 44-2 gamma scintillator?

Background radiation monitoring Signup and view all the answers

What is the energy range where the Model 44-2 gamma scintillator over-responds by a factor of 10 or greater?

20 keV - 100 keV Signup and view all the answers

What is the size of the NaI crystal in the Model 44-2 gamma scintillator?

2 x 2 cm Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the photomultiplier tube in the Model 44-2 gamma scintillator?

To amplify the signal Signup and view all the answers

What type of analysis can be performed using the Model 44-2 gamma scintillator?

Spectrum analysis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of exposing the detector to a source of known value during testing?

To verify the detector's efficiency Signup and view all the answers

What should be done if the detector fails to meet the testing criteria?

Contact the manufacturer for assistance Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical background reading for the Model 44-2 Gamma Scintillator?

1.4-2.6 kcpm or 8-15 µR/hr Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended procedure for connecting the cable to the detector and instrument?

Push the connector together while twisting clockwise one quarter of a turn until latched Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary application of the Model 44-2 Gamma Scintillator?

Radiation monitoring and detection Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended instrument high voltage setting for the Model 44-2 Gamma Scintillator?

The setting is not specified Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of verifying the instrument's background reading during testing?

To ensure the detector is properly calibrated Signup and view all the answers

What should be done before connecting the detector to the instrument?

Verify the instrument's high voltage setting Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical sensitivity of the Model 44-2 Gamma Scintillator when detecting $^{137}$Cs gamma radiation?

175 cpm per µR/hr Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the dead time limit for non-corrected measurements using the Model 44-2 Gamma Scintillator?

10 µs, limits linear range to 5 mR/hr Signup and view all the answers

What must accompany every returned instrument for repair or calibration?

An Instrument Return Form Signup and view all the answers

What is the operating voltage range for the Model 44-2 Gamma Scintillator?

500–1200 volts Signup and view all the answers

What function do warning labels serve when returning an instrument for service?

To ensure careful handling during transit Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the energy response of the Model 44-2 Gamma Scintillator is accurate?

It is energy dependent. Signup and view all the answers

What should be done to ensure the proper functioning of the detector?

Use it in a manner intended by the manufacturer. Signup and view all the answers

What is the warranty period for the Ludlum Model 44-9 Alpha, Beta and Gamma Detector?

Twelve months Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT covered under the warranty for the Model 44-9 detector?

Broken photomultiplier tubes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a reason why an instrument might need to be returned to the manufacturer?

Routine maintenance Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended action if an instrument fails to perform as warranted?

Contact Ludlum Measurements, Inc. Signup and view all the answers

What type of damages are NOT covered under the warranty for the Model 44-9 detector?

Lost revenue Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended procedure for returning an instrument to Ludlum Measurements, Inc. for repair or calibration?

Contact Ludlum Measurements, Inc. for instructions Signup and view all the answers

What information must be included with every returned instrument?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of warning labels on instruments returned for service?

To alert the recipient of potential hazards Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended operating voltage for the detector?

900 Vdc Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended instrument input sensitivity to prevent double pulsing?

30 mV or higher Signup and view all the answers

What safety precaution should be taken when transporting the detector by air?

Transport in an airtight container. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of exposing the detector to a check source or a source of known value?

To verify the detector's efficiency and calibration Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended procedure for returning an instrument for repair or calibration?

Provide adequate packing material to prevent damage and use appropriate warning labels. Signup and view all the answers

What should be done before replacing the tube in the detector housing?

Turn off the instrument electronics Signup and view all the answers

Where can you find the serial number of the Model 44-9 detector?

On the detector's bottom plate. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the calibration certificate or detector functional check certificate?

To document the detector's performance and accuracy. Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical safety precaution when handling the mica window of the tube?

Avoiding touching the window to prevent damage Signup and view all the answers

What should you do if you receive a package containing multiple detectors?

Verify the detector serial numbers with the calibration certificates. Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended cleaning method for the detector?

Using a damp cloth with water as the wetting agent Signup and view all the answers

What should be done after replacing the tube in the detector housing?

Recalibrate the instrument and detector Signup and view all the answers

What document should accompany every returned instrument for repair or calibration?

A completed instrument return form. Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of failing to meet the testing criteria during detector verification?

The instrument is malfunctioning Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical step before connecting the cable to the detector and instrument?

Turn off the instrument electronics Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the anode clip during tube replacement?

To hold the tube in place Signup and view all the answers

What type of radiation does the Ludlum Model 44-9 GM Detector detect?

Alpha, beta, and gamma radiation Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the thin mica window in the Ludlum Model 44-9 GM Detector?

To allow radiation to enter the detector Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to include documentation with returned shipments to Ludlum Measurements, Inc.?

To expedite the return of the equipment Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the Ludlum Model 44-9 GM Detector's energy response?

It over-responds by a factor of 6 in the 100keV range Signup and view all the answers

What is a safety precaution when handling the Ludlum Model 44-9 GM Detector?

Following proper cleaning and handling procedures Signup and view all the answers

What is a maintenance procedure for the Ludlum Model 44-9 GM Detector?

Replacing the GM tube periodically Signup and view all the answers

What is an advantage of the Ludlum Model 44-9 GM Detector's design?

Its size and shape provide easy handling for surveying or personnel monitoring Signup and view all the answers

What is a document that should accompany every returned instrument for repair or calibration?

Documentation containing return shipping address, customer name, and description of service requested Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical background count rate for the Model 44-9 detector?

60 cpm Signup and view all the answers

The Model 44-9 detector is designed to detect which types of radiation?

Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended instrument high voltage (HV) setting for the Model 44-9 detector?

900 Vdc Signup and view all the answers

The window of the Model 44-9 detector is made of which material?

Mica Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical efficiency of the Model 44-9 detector for detecting 90Sr/90Y radiation?

22% Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the stainless steel protective screen on the Model 44-9 detector?

To provide mechanical protection to the detector Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended temperature range for operating the Model 44-9 detector?

-15 to 50 °C Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a typical application for the Model 44-9 detector?

Detecting radioactive materials in medical imaging Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Model Overview

Ludlum Model 44-2 is a sodium iodide (NaI) gamma scintillator designed for low-level gamma radiation detection (20 keV–1.5 MeV).
Detector specifications include a 2.54 cm x 2.54 cm NaI crystal coupled with a photomultiplier tube.
The housing is made of 0.157 cm thick aluminum, with an entrance window thickness of 2.3 mm.

Performance and Specifications

The model offers energy-dependent responses, over-responding by a factor greater than 10 in the 100 keV range and under-responding by a factor of 0.5 above 1 MeV when normalized to 137Cs.
Compatible with Ludlum instruments or equivalents providing 500–1200 volts, with a recommended input sensitivity of approximately 10 mV or higher.
Typical efficiency rates: I is 7%, 57Co is 10%, 137Cs is 3%, and 60Co is 3%.

Applications

Ideal for background radiation monitoring, low-level radiation detection, and spectrum analysis when combined with analyzers.
No consumable materials are included; designed for long-term use.

Warranty Information

12-month warranty covering defects in workmanship, material, and design.
Calibration guaranteed within specified accuracy limits upon shipment.
Exclusions include damage from physical abuse, and no implied warranties extend beyond explicitly stated.

Repair & Return Process

Equipment requiring return for repair or calibration should be sent with full documentation, including shipping address and requested services.
Send to Ludlum Measurements' repair department with the contact numbers provided.

Operating Procedures

To connect, ensure the cable is firmly attached, twisting clockwise until latched.
Testing includes verifying high voltage settings, checking background readings (1.4–2.6 kcpm), and validating response with known check sources.
Failure to meet testing criteria may indicate a malfunction.

Safety Considerations

Specific environmental conditions must be met for normal use, detailed guidelines not included in the provided text.

Model 44-2 Gamma Scintillator Overview

Utilizes a sodium iodide (NaI) crystal measuring 2.54 x 2.54 cm (1 x 1 in.) for gamma radiation detection.
Capable of detecting gamma radiation within the energy range of 20 keV to 1.5 MeV.
Housed in a robust aluminum casing with a thickness of 0.157 cm (0.062 in.).

Performance Specifications

Energy dependent response; significantly over-responds in the 100 keV range (by a factor of 10+), and under-responds above 1 MeV (factor of 0.5).
Operating voltage requirement of 500–1200 volts with a recommended sensitivity input of approximately 10 mV or higher.
Dead time is roughly 10 µs, limiting linear measurement range to 5 mR/hr (50 µSv/h) unless equipped with dead time correction.

Connection and Testing Procedures

Requires correct connection via cables; ensure connections are secured by twisting clockwise to latch.
Prior to use, check high voltage setting on the instrument, and verify background readings between 1.4-2.6 kcpm or 8-15 µR/hr.
Detector must indicate within 20% of the check source reading post-exposure to calibration sources.

Sensitivity and Efficiency

Average sensitivity typically calculated at 175 cpm per µR/hr (137 Cs gamma).
Efficiency metrics: I - 7%, 57Co - 10%, 137Cs - 3%, 60Co - 3%.

Environmental and Operational Conditions

Functional temperature range spans from -15 to 50 °C (5 to 122 °F), with potential certification for -40 to 65 °C (-40 to 150 °F).
Background radiation background reading expected around 1800 cpm.

Safety and Handling

Inappropriate usage may lead to malfunction; ensure operational alignment with manufacturer guidance.
Packing and shipping instructions include using sufficient materials to prevent damage, affixing warning labels, and including a completed Instrument Return Form for repairs or calibration.

Additional Features

Compatible with general-purpose survey meters, ratemeters, and scalers.
Designed for various applications including background radiation monitoring, low-level detection, and spectrum analysis when paired with analyzers.

Ludlum Model 44-9 Overview

The Ludlum Model 44-9 is a pancake-type Geiger-Mueller detector designed for detecting alpha, beta, and gamma radiation.
Ideal for surveying and personnel monitoring due to its compact design and easy handling.
The detector operates at an internal voltage of approximately 900 Vdc with an input sensitivity of around 30 mV.

Warranty Information

Covered by a 12-month warranty against defects in workmanship, material, and design.
Calibration is guaranteed to be within specified accuracy limits at time of shipment.
Warranty excludes certain components like photomultiplier tubes and scintillation crystals if damaged due to misuse or excessive physical abuse.

Specifications

Efficiency:
- Typically 5% for 14C
- 22% for 90Sr/90Y
- 19% for 99Tc
- 32% for 32P
- 15% for 239Pu
- ≤ 1% for 99mTc
Sensitivity: Approximately 3300 counts per minute (cpm) per mR/hr for 137Cs gamma radiation.
Dead Time: About 80 microseconds (µs).
Background Radiation: Typically 60 cpm.

Operation and Maintenance

For safe operation, the GM tube should not be subjected to altitudes above 8000 feet without proper packaging to prevent rupturing.
Regular checks should confirm the detector indicates within 20% accuracy from the last calibration.
The GM tube can be easily replaced: ensure the mica window is protected and do not touch the thin layer preventing UV interference.

Cleaning and Care

Clean the detector externally only with a damp cloth and water; do not immerse in liquids.
Turn off the instrument before cleaning and allow it to sit for one minute to ensure safety during maintenance.

Connection and Usage

The detector connects to compatible instruments such as general-purpose survey meters, ratemeters, and scalers.
After connection, the high voltage should be checked to ensure proper operation, followed by a verification of background readings.

Important Precautions

Equipment should be packed adequately for transport, including documentation with return shipping details.
Care must be taken not to apply excessive force to the GM tube or window to prevent damage.

Construction and Design

Made with an aluminum housing and has a protective stainless steel screen that is 79% open.
Temperature range of operation is from -15 to 50 °C (5 to 122 °F), with possible certification for -40 to 65 °C (-40 to 150 °F).
Compact dimensions: 4.6 x 6.9 x 27.2 cm (H x W x L).
Lightweight at 0.5 kg (1 lb).

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Description

This quiz is about the user manual of Ludlum Model 44-2 Gamma Scintillator, covering its features, usage, and warranty. It is designed for users who need to operate and understand the device.