LTE Systems and Automatic Train Protection Quiz

An automated train protection system used in India that increases railway safety by preventing train collisions.

The technology that allows KAVACH to communicate with infrastructure and other trains to establish safe operation.

The lack of ATP in the past required drivers to rely solely on visual cues and guesswork, potentially leading to collisions.

The need for drivers to operate trains with limited information about the track ahead, often in challenging conditions.

The minimum distance required to avoid a collision, considering factors like train speed and track condition.

Sections of the track where trains operate autonomously, with automated signaling.

The critical role of the driver's responsibility in recognizing potential risks, especially with limited information.

The critical need for accurate and real-time information about the track and surrounding environment to avoid collisions.

The ability of a receiver to suppress signals from adjacent channels, minimizing interference. Measured in dB at a specific frequency offset.

The minimum signal strength required for a receiver to achieve a specific signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Measured in microvolts.

A measure of signal quality, ensuring reliable data transmission. 12 dB SINAD represents a good SNR.

Bit Error Rate, a measure of how frequently bits are incorrectly received. 1 x 10-6 BER means 1 bit error for every million bits transmitted.

The range of frequencies occupied by a signal. In this case, the signal occupies a bandwidth of 25 kHz.

A standard communication protocol for serial data transfer, commonly used for connecting devices like computers and modems.

The resistance of a system to the flow of electrical current. In this case, the radio module uses a 50-ohm impedance matching.

The type of modulation used to encode information onto a carrier signal. In this case, 2FSK with a specific baud rate and filtering.

The rate at which data is transmitted over a communication channel. In this case, 19,200 baud rate.

A type of filter used to smooth out the signal edges, minimizing interference. Raised cosine alpha 1 approximation is a common type.

The KAVACH system uses two radios in hot standby, meaning one is active while the other is ready for immediate use. If the active radio fails, the system automatically switches to the backup radio, ensuring continuous communication.

KAVACH relies on both GPS/GNSS (Global Positioning System/Global Navigation Satellite System) and a Real-Time Clock (RTC) to accurately determine the train's position and time. If they both fail, the system cannot determine its location or operate safely.

KAVACH uses a dedicated communication system between the locomotive (Loco KAVACH) and the trackside system (Stationary KAVACH), ensuring seamless information exchange. If this communication breaks down, the safety system cannot function properly.

KAVACH utilizes Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags to uniquely identify trains and track sections. If an RFID tag is missing, the system won't be able to recognize the train's position or track location, potentially leading to safety issues.

The Key Management System (KMS) is responsible for securely distributing authentication keys to all KAVACH units, safeguarding communication between the locomotive and the trackside system. Secure communication ensures the system's integrity and prevents unauthorized access.

The KMS uses a robust AES-128 encryption algorithm to protect the communication between the locomotive and trackside KAVACH units, ensuring the confidentiality and integrity of exchanged information.

Communication between the KMS and KAVACH units takes place over mobile network technologies like GPRS and LTE, enabling the distribution of authentication keys across vast distances.

Session keys are generated dynamically each time a communication session is established between the locomotive and trackside KAVACH, ensuring secure data exchange for each train journey.

KAVACH relies on GPS/GNSS and Real Time Clock (RTC) for accurate time synchronization across its units. If both GPS/GNSS and RTC fail, KAVACH's ability to exchange information and trigger warnings is compromised, potentially leading to safety risks.

KAVACH's communication between the train's control and the desk/cab interface is vital for transmitting real-time data and commands. If this communication falters, key information may not reach the driver, leading to potential operational errors or hazards.

KAVACH's Network Management System (NMS) provides a comprehensive view of train operations in real-time and historical data. Key features include monitoring train movement (both real-time and playback), data logging, generating exception reports, and providing alerts via SMS.

The NMS provides real-time visual updates of train movement on its monitors. This allows operators to efficiently track trains and react to any potential issues.

The NMS can replay train movements at various playback speeds (2x, 4x, 8x, 16x, 32x) which helps in analyzing specific events like braking and speed violations.

The NMS logs data related to train operations. This data is stored in a spreadsheet format (Excel) for easy analysis and review.

The NMS provides a visual comparison of the permitted speed and the actual speed of the train (both at a specific location and over time). It also indicates whether KAVACH applied a braking command, preventing potential overspeed incidents.

The NMS ensures that train operations are synchronized with the GPS/GNSS clock, enhancing data communication accuracy. This involves synchronizing the Real Time Clock (RTC) of vital computers (like those in stations, level crossings, and integrated braking systems) with the GPS/GNSS clock.

Loco KAVACH unit will not sound the horn for a level crossing gate if the distance to the gate from the train's current position is less than the movement authority.

The continuous whistle will sound from 600m before a level crossing gate until the train reaches the gate. The whistle pattern can be adjusted.

If the communication timeout exceeds 6 seconds, the signal aspect and description will disappear. However, Loco KAVACH will remain in Full Supervision mode and monitor the last received movement authority.

If the communication failure lasts for more than 30 seconds, Loco KAVACH switches from Full Supervision to Limited Supervision mode. The loco pilot needs to acknowledge this change. If there is no acknowledgment within 15 seconds, service brakes will apply.

If only one radio fails while the other is operational, Loco KAVACH will record the fault and notify the Network Management System.

When a stop signal is changed to danger after being passed, and the train is in Full or Limited Supervision mode, emergency brakes will be applied if the train goes past the stop signal's 'ON' position or 30 meters beyond the end of authority.

The train trip operation will be displayed on the Driver Machine Interface (DMI) when emergency brakes are applied.

The loco pilot must acknowledge the train trip condition after the train stops. This acknowledgment releases the emergency brakes and allows the train to continue in Post-Trip mode.

The minimum speed (15 kmph) that a train is allowed to travel at when entering Post Trip Mode. KAVACH ensures the train does not exceed this speed.

A mode activated when a train is approaching the end of its journey, usually triggered after a passing signal is at "OFF". It helps control the train's speed and ensure a controlled stop.

A system specifically designed for critical applications like railways, providing instant communication for voice, data, and video.

A type of wireless communication technology used in railways for voice, data, and video transmission. It offers high performance and coverage.

The frequency band (703-748 MHz Uplink & 758-803 MHz Downlink) allocated to Indian Railways for LTE communication.

The minimum signal strength required for a receiver to detect a signal, measured in microvolts.

A measure of signal quality that combines signal strength and noise level, ensuring reliable data transmission.