LTE Systems and Automatic Train Protection Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the default ceiling speed for the Loco KAVACH unit in Post Trip Mode?

15 kmph (correct)

10 kmph

25 kmph

20 kmph

Which technology does the LTE system for Railways utilize for mission-critical applications?

Wi-Fi

CDMA

LTE (correct)

What type of duplexing does the LTE system support?

Time Division Duplexing (TDD)

None

Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) (correct)

Half Duplexing

What is the minimum channel bandwidth supported by the LTE system as per the provided specifications?

5 MHz Signup and view all the answers

Which frequency band is designated for the LTE system used by Indian Railways?

700 MHz Signup and view all the answers

What is a key requirement for the LTE Radio Network regarding eNode-Bs?

100% Coverage Overlap Signup and view all the answers

What type of applications does the LTE system aim to support?

Voice, Video & Data Communication Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Carrier Aggregation (CA) in the LTE system?

To increase channel capacity Signup and view all the answers

What key information does the Automatic Train Protection (ATP) system fail to provide?

Exact location of the train Signup and view all the answers

Why is there a need for Automatic Train Protection (ATP) systems in trains?

To prevent collisions due to limited visibility Signup and view all the answers

What factor can limit a driver's visibility according to the ATP system?

Curvature of the track Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by driving 'BLINDLY' in the context of block sections?

Driving relying only on sight until the next signal Signup and view all the answers

What is emphasized about the distance that needs to be maintained between two trains?

It should be ample to ensure safety against collisions Signup and view all the answers

What does the ATP system fail to indicate in terms of distance?

Distance to the last signal Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to the driver's trust during navigation in block sections?

Personal experience and visual checks Signup and view all the answers

How does the ATP system contribute to safety measures?

By preventing collisions through monitored information Signup and view all the answers

When will the Loco KAVACH unit start continuous whistling while approaching a level crossing gate?

From a distance of 600m Signup and view all the answers

What happens if the Loco KAVACH experiences a radio communication failure lasting more than 30 seconds?

It switches to Limited Supervision mode and applies service brakes if not acknowledged Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when a train passes a stop signal in Full or Limited Supervision mode?

The train shall apply emergency brakes until it comes to a halt Signup and view all the answers

If the Loco KAVACH does not receive an acknowledgment from the Loco Pilot in 15 seconds after a radio failure, what action is taken?

It applies service brake Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Loco KAVACH logging the fault during a radio failure?

To keep track of communication reliability Signup and view all the answers

What condition needs to be met for the Loco KAVACH to operate in Full Supervision mode after a communication timeout?

Recent packets must have valid Movement Authority Signup and view all the answers

How does the Loco KAVACH notify when applying the emergency brake?

Through a visual indicator on the DMI Signup and view all the answers

What is the first action taken by Loco KAVACH upon detecting a stop signal thrown back to danger?

It applies the emergency brake immediately Signup and view all the answers

What is the time-out period for radio communication failure that triggers a response in Post Trip Mode?

30 seconds Signup and view all the answers

Which encryption standard is used for communication between Stationary and Loco KAVACH units?

AES-128 Signup and view all the answers

What is required from Railtel to ensure the KMS is updated with necessary information?

Stationary KAVACH and Loco KAVACH IDs and SIM card numbers Signup and view all the answers

What type of key is computed by the Loco KAVACH and Stationary KAVACH units at the time of establishing a communication session?

Session Key (KS) Signup and view all the answers

What failure event does not affect the KAVACH communication system?

Success of both radios in hot standby Signup and view all the answers

What action does the Loco KAVACH unit take upon entering the 'Communication mandatory Zone'?

Sends an Access Request packet Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components is responsible for distributing authentication keys to KAVACH systems?

KMS Server Signup and view all the answers

What is the communication protocol being upgraded from GPRS?

LTE Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of the NMS regarding train movement?

Real time display of train movement on NMS monitors Signup and view all the answers

How does the NMS handle missing RFID tags?

It prompts for missing RFID tags of the same set Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of GPS/GNSS in the KAVACH system?

To provide time synchronization for RTC Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is captured by the KAVACH system from the TSR Management System?

Speed restrictions imposed by TSR Management System Signup and view all the answers

What happens when both GPS/GNSS and RTC fail in the KAVACH system?

The whole system stops functioning correctly Signup and view all the answers

What kind of alert does NMS provide for KAVACH Loco's brake application?

SMS Alert for any brake application command Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following mechanisms is used to achieve unified time synchronization in KAVACH?

Multiple Access TDMA scheme Signup and view all the answers

What type of data can be extracted through the NMS?

Offline data log in Spreadsheet (Excel Format) Signup and view all the answers

What is the receiver sensitivity level for achieving a 12 dB SINAD?

35 micro-volts Signup and view all the answers

What modulation scheme is used in the described system?

2FSK Signup and view all the answers

What is the nominal deviation for the modulation used?

4.3 kHz Signup and view all the answers

Which interface is mentioned for setup and diagnostic features?

RS232 Signup and view all the answers

What is the required power supply range for the system?

10V-30V DC Signup and view all the answers

How long after the RTS line goes high does transmission commence?

3 ms +/- 1 ms Signup and view all the answers

What is the bandwidth occupied by the transmission?

16.35 kHz +/- 0.15 kHz Signup and view all the answers

What is the RS232 RF impedance specified for the receiver?

50 ohm Signup and view all the answers

What is the BER at -100 dBm level for the system?

1 x 10-6 Signup and view all the answers

What type of communication failure is reported to the NMS?

Radio communication failure longer than 30 seconds Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

KAVACH Telecommunication Techniques

KAVACH is an indigenous Automatic Train Protection (ATP) system developed by Indian Railways through Research Designs & Standards Organization (RDSO)
Aims to prevent dangerous train collisions due to human error or equipment failures
Provides additional safety layer in train operations
Protects against Signal Passing at Danger (SPAD), excessive speed, and collisions
Assists loco pilots with real-time display of signaling information (Movement Authority, Target Speed, Target Distance, and Signal Aspects)
Uses various telecommunication techniques for communication between Stationary KAVACH and Loco KAVACH units, as well as between Loco KAVACH units.

Telecommunication Techniques in KAVACH

Radio Communication: Used for communication between Stationary KAVACH and Loco KAVACH units, and between Loco KAVACH units. Uses a Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) or Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) scheme.
GSM/GPRS Communication: Used to transfer authentication keys between Stationary and Loco KAVACH units through a Key Management System (KMS) server. Also used to transmit fault messages to the Network Monitoring System (NMS).
GPS/GNSS Communication: Used for time synchronization among various KAVACH units. GPS antennas are installed at stationary KAVACH units for synchronization.

KAVACH System Architecture

Composed of Trackside, Station, and Loco subsystems.
Trackside Subsystem: Consists of RFID tags installed on track at stations and block sections. These tags provide track information to the Loco KAVACH units.
Station Subsystem: Includes a Stationary KAVACH unit (with vital computer, radio, and display panel) located at stations and relay rooms. It uses real-time information from interlocking and track circuits, which are transmitted through various communication techniques.
Loco Subsystem: Contains Loco KAVACH vital computer, RFID reader, radio unit, driver machine interface (DMI), and brake interface unit (BIU) in each locomotive. The DMI displays critical information like speed, distance, and signal aspects to the loco pilot. The BIU applies brakes based on commands from the KAVACH system.

KAVACH Safety Features

Detection and Prevention of Signal Passing at Danger (SPAD): KAVACH stops the train before reaching the danger signal.
Cab Signaling with Movement Authority Display: Displays movement authority, target distance, speed, and signal aspects to the loco pilot.
Continuous Speed Restrictions: Adheres to both permanent and temporary speed restrictions.
Head-On/Rear-End Collision Prevention: Calculates movement authority to help prevent collisions.
Automatic Level Crossing Gate Horn: Blows horns at level crossing gates.
Safety during Irregular Conditions (e.g., Fog): Systems are suitable for conditions with restricted visibility, and provide help in ensuring safety.

KAVACH Failures and Protection

Radio Communication Failure: If communication is lost, the system transits to a limited supervision mode, applies brakes, and sends a fault message to the NMS.
RFID Reader Failure: If RFID readers fail, the Loco KAVACH unit switches to system failure mode and sends an alert to the NMS.
GPS/GNSS Failure: If both GPS and Real-Time Clock fail, the Loco KAVACH unit switches to system failure mode and uses CPU time for a period.
Driver Machine Interface (DMI) Failure: Loco KAVACH unit logs the fault and sends an alert.
Signal Passing at Danger (SPAD): Calculates and reduces movement authority accordingly to prevent collisions if there is a conflict in signal aspect or point positions.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the LTE systems utilized by Indian Railways and their Automatic Train Protection (ATP) mechanisms. This quiz covers topics such as ceiling speeds, duplexing types, and Carrier Aggregation. Answer questions about the technology's requirements and the safety standards in train operations.