Questions and Answers
What is a polar covalent bond?
A polar covalent bond is characterized by unequal sharing of electrons.
What is a nonpolar covalent bond?
A covalent bond between atoms that have the same or nearly the same electronegativity, sharing the bonding electron pair almost equally.
A polar covalent bond is due to:
The dash (—) in the structural formula for hydrogen gas (H2) represents a(n):
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A molecule of common table salt (NaCl) is the result of what type of bond?
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Why does the salt dissolve in water?
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What is a hydrogen bond?
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What kind of bond joins hydrogen to oxygen in a water molecule?
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The hydrogen atoms in a water molecule have a ________ charge while the oxygen atom has a _________ charge.
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In an ice crystal, how many other water molecules does a single water molecule typically form hydrogen bonds with?
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Which atom is least likely to participate in hydrogen bonds with water?
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What is necessary for a hydrogen atom in a molecule to participate in a hydrogen bond?
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Why does ice float?
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PH is a measure of the concentration of _______ in solution.
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The unique properties of water are due to the _____ of water molecules and the ability of water to form _____ with other water molecules.
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Water can dissolve many compounds due to which fact?
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Water is neither hydrophilic nor hydrophobic, because these terms only define the interaction of other molecules with water molecules.
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Which of the statements is true regarding a polar molecule?
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How many hydrogen atoms does a molecule with three carbon atoms linked by single covalent bonds contain?
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How many hydrogen atoms are present in a hydrocarbon chain of five carbon atoms with two double bonds and two single bonds?
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Study Notes
Chemical Bonds
- Polar Covalent Bond: Involves unequal sharing of electrons between atoms, leading to a partial charge difference.
- Nonpolar Covalent Bond: Occurs between atoms with similar electronegativity, resulting in nearly equal sharing of electrons.
Ionic Bonds
- Example: Sodium chloride (NaCl) results from an ionic bond between sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl) atoms.
- Sodium ions attract partial negative charges from oxygen in water, while chlorine ions attract partial positive charges from hydrogen in water.
Water Molecule Properties
- Polar Covalent Bond in Water: The bond between hydrogen and oxygen in water molecules is polar, resulting in a partial positive charge on hydrogen atoms and a partial negative charge on the oxygen atom.
- Hydrogen Bonds: Weaker interactions between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom, contributing to water's unique properties.
Ice and Density
- Ice floats due to the crystal lattice structure formed during freezing, which creates a less dense arrangement of water molecules.
pH and Protons
- pH refers to the concentration of protons (H⁺) in solution, influencing acidity and basicity.
Properties of Water
- The unique properties of water arise from the polarity of water molecules and their ability to form hydrogen bonds with other water molecules and polar substances.
- Water's polarity allows it to dissolve numerous compounds, making it an effective solvent.
Molecular Interactions
- Hydrophilic vs. Hydrophobic: Water is not strictly hydrophilic (water-attracting) or hydrophobic (water-repelling); these terms describe how different substances interact with water.
- Polar molecules are hydrophilic and typically dissolve in water, while nonpolar molecules are hydrophobic and do not.
Hydrocarbon Structures
- In a hydrocarbon chain with three carbon atoms bound in a V shape, each unshared electron can bond with hydrogen, resulting in a total of eight hydrogen atoms for the molecule.
- For a hydrocarbon chain with five carbon atoms, two double bonds, and two single bonds, there are also eight hydrogen atoms present.
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Test your knowledge with these flashcards on polar and nonpolar covalent bonds. Learn how unequal sharing of electrons defines these chemical bonds, and understand their properties with concise definitions. A great way to prepare for the upcoming LS7A assessments!