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Questions and Answers
Why are water molecules polar?
Why are water molecules polar?
Water molecules are polar because both hydrogen (positive) and oxygen (negative) atoms have opposite charges, making it a polar covalent bond and a polar molecule.
Explain why water molecules are capable of hydrogen bonding with 4 neighboring water molecules.
Explain why water molecules are capable of hydrogen bonding with 4 neighboring water molecules.
Because of the atoms in the water molecules. Hydrogen(+) and Oxygen(-) attach and disconnect with other oppositely charged water molecules creating multiple bonds.
What is cohesion?
What is cohesion?
Cohesion occurs when water molecules bond/form together, since the hydrogen and oxygen atoms are polar they have opposite charges that attract each other.
What is adhesion?
What is adhesion?
Why does ice float on water?
Why does ice float on water?
Why is water considered a great solvent?
Why is water considered a great solvent?
How do cohesion and adhesion contribute to the movement of water from the roots to the leaves of a tree?
How do cohesion and adhesion contribute to the movement of water from the roots to the leaves of a tree?
Distinguish between heat and temperature.
Distinguish between heat and temperature.
Match the terms with their definitions: Solute, Solvent, Solution.
Match the terms with their definitions: Solute, Solvent, Solution.
Distinguish between hydrophobic and hydrophilic substances.
Distinguish between hydrophobic and hydrophilic substances.
Name the products of the dissociation of water and give their concentration in pure water.
Name the products of the dissociation of water and give their concentration in pure water.
Define acid, base, and pH.
Define acid, base, and pH.
How do you determine the pH of a solution if the concentration of hydrogen or hydroxide ions is known?
How do you determine the pH of a solution if the concentration of hydrogen or hydroxide ions is known?
How do acids and bases alter hydrogen ion concentration in a solution?
How do acids and bases alter hydrogen ion concentration in a solution?
What is the function of buffers, and give an example in the human body.
What is the function of buffers, and give an example in the human body.
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Study Notes
Properties of Water
- Water molecules are polar due to the positive charge of hydrogen atoms and the negative charge of oxygen atoms, resulting in polar covalent bonds.
- Water can form hydrogen bonds with up to four neighboring water molecules because of the attraction between oppositely charged regions.
Cohesion and Adhesion
- Cohesion describes the attraction between water molecules, allowing them to form clusters due to polarity.
- Adhesion refers to water's ability to cling to other substances, facilitating the upward movement of water in plants against gravity.
Ice and Density
- Ice floats on liquid water because its solid form is less dense, an unusual property that allows aquatic life to survive beneath frozen surfaces.
Water as a Solvent
- Water's polarity makes it an excellent solvent. It can dissolve ionic compounds like salt by attracting and surrounding sodium and chloride ions.
Water Movement in Plants
- Water's cohesion maintains liquid integrity during transport through plant vessels, while adhesion aids in drawing water up from roots to leaves via evaporation.
Heat vs. Temperature
- Temperature measures the average kinetic energy of molecules, while heat is the thermal energy transferred between objects.
Solutions and Solutions Components
- A solute is a substance dissolved in a solvent. A solution is a homogeneous mixture of solutes and solvents.
Hydrophilic vs. Hydrophobic
- Hydrophilic substances, such as cotton, attract water despite not dissolving. Hydrophobic substances, like vegetable oil, repel water and do not mix with it.
Water Dissociation
- When water dissociates, it produces hydrogen and hydroxide ions at a concentration of 10^-7 M in pure water.
Acids, Bases, and pH
- Acids increase hydrogen ion concentration; bases decrease it. pH measures this concentration, ranging from 0 to 14.
Calculating pH
- To determine pH from known hydrogen or hydroxide ion concentrations, subtract the value from 14 on the pH scale.
Role of Acids and Bases
- Acids and bases influence hydrogen ion concentration directly through increase or decrease, affecting pH levels.
Function of Buffers
- Buffers stabilize pH by minimizing fluctuations in ion concentrations, with carbonic acid serving as a key buffer in the human body.
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