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Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of the incubation period in the stages of infection?

  • To allow the pathogen to replicate silently in the host (correct)
  • To introduce non-specific symptoms
  • To return the host to normal health
  • To show specific symptoms of infection

    • Which stage of infection is characterized by the onset of non-specific symptoms?

  • Convalescence
  • Illness
  • Prodromal Period (correct)
  • Incubation Period

    • Which of the following is NOT considered a reservoir for infectious agents?

  • Water
  • Soil
  • Humans
  • Air (correct)

    • What is the primary objective of primary prevention methods?

    <p>To prevent the disease from occurring in the first place (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of transmission when pathogens are spread through person-to-person contact?

    <p>Direct contact transmission (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method of prevention is described as used after the disease has occurred but before symptoms are noticed?

    <p>Secondary prevention (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of tertiary prevention?

    <p>Providing ongoing care and rehabilitation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a susceptible host?

    <p>A person with a weakened immune system due to various factors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What disease is primarily known as 'breakbone fever'?

    <p>Dengue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism is responsible for causing Chlamydia?

    <p>Chlamydia trachomatis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mosquito species is known to spread Dengue?

    <p>Aedes aegypti (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of infections are considered 'emerging infections'?

    <p>Newly identified or reappearing diseases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease is caused by the Neisseria meningitides bacterium?

    <p>Meningococcemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of smoke refers to the tobacco residue left behind?

    <p>Thirdhand Smoke (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of secondhand smoke?

    <p>Thirdhand Smoke (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common name for the H1N1 virus?

    <p>Swine flu (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Susceptible Host

    A state of being susceptible to a disease or infection.

    Incubation Period

    The initial stage of infection where the pathogen enters the body but symptoms haven't appeared yet.

    Prodromal Stage

    The stage after incubation where symptoms start to develop, often mild and nonspecific.

    Illness Stage

    The stage when symptoms are most severe and the disease is at its peak.

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    Decline Stage

    The stage where symptoms begin to decline as the body fights off the infection.

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    Convalescence Stage

    The stage where the body recovers from the illness, and strength and energy return.

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    Portal of Exit

    The path used by the pathogen to exit the host.

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    Mode of Transmission

    The method used by the pathogen to spread from one host to another.

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    Portal of Entry

    The path used by the pathogen to enter the host.

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    Primary Prevention

    Actions taken to prevent the occurrence of a disease.

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    Secondary Prevention

    Actions taken to prevent or slow the progression of a disease after it has started but before symptoms appear.

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    Tertiary Prevention

    Actions taken to manage a disease after it has been diagnosed, to optimize treatment and prevent complications.

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    Communicable Diseases

    A group of diseases that can be spread from person to person, or through animals, insects, or the environment.

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    Infectious Agents

    These are the organisms, such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi, that cause infections.

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    Gateway Drugs

    These are drugs or substances that can lead to the use of harder, more dangerous drugs.

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    Alcohol Dependence

    The dependence on alcohol that makes it difficult to control consumption, leading to withdrawal symptoms when not consuming alcohol.

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    Study Notes

    Communicable Diseases

    • Caused by pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi) that spread easily.
    • Stages of infection include incubation, prodromal, illness, decline, and convalescence.

    Chain of Infection

    • Infectious Agent: Organisms causing infections, such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi.
    • Portal of Exit: Path for pathogens to leave the host, including mouth, skin cuts, and stool.
    • Mode of Transmission: How germs spread, including direct contact, indirect contact (objects/surfaces), droplet (airborne), water/food-borne, and vector-borne.
    • Portal of Entry: Path for the infectious agent to enter the host, such as mouth, skin cuts, and eyes.
    • Susceptible Host: Individuals may be vulnerable due to age, immune status, genetics, malnutrition, or infections like HIV.

    Disease Prevention & Control Methods

    • Primary prevention: Aims to prevent disease occurrence.
      • Includes immunization, environmental contamination reduction, and protective measures.
    • Secondary prevention: Used after disease onset but before symptoms are apparent.
      • Includes checkups, public education, and screening programs.
    • Tertiary prevention: Administered after diagnosis to optimize treatment and prevent complications.
      • Includes medication, disease management, pain reduction, and ongoing health supervision.

    Examples of Communicable Diseases

    • Influenza (Flu): Caused by influenza viruses.
    • Bronchitis: Inflammation of bronchial tubes (acute: short-term, chronic: long-lasting).
    • Pneumonia: Infection of the alveoli in the lungs.
    • Tuberculosis: Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, often affecting the lungs.
    • Malaria: Transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes, prevalent in Sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia.
    • Dengue: Known as breakbone fever, caused by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes.
    • Chlamydia: Caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, potentially leading to pelvic inflammatory disease and sterility.
    • Gonorrhea: Caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, spread through body contact.
    • Syphilis: Caused by Treponema pallidum, transmitted through direct contact.
    • Genital Herpes: Caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV), characterized by open blisters.
    • Genital Warts (HPV): Caused by human Papillomavirus (HPV), transmitted through direct contact.
    • HIV/AIDS: Retrovirus that weakens the immune system.
    • Trichomoniasis: Caused by Trichomonas vaginalis.

    Emerging Infections

    • Leptospirosis: Caused by Leptospira, transmitted through infected animal urine.
    • SARS: Caused by SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV), spread through Asia.
    • Chikungunya: Mosquito-borne viral disease, notable outbreak in Southern Tanzania.
    • Meningococcemia: Caused by Neisseria meningitides.
    • Avian Influenza A(H7N9): Subtype of influenza viruses found in China.
    • Influenza A(H1N1): Known as swine flu, found in pigs.
    • MERS-CoV: Novel coronavirus identified in Saudi Arabia.
    • COVID-19: Caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus.

    Gateway Drugs

    • Cigarettes: Drug delivery devices containing 4,000 chemicals.
      • Mainstream Smoke: Inhaled from the burning cigar.
      • Exhaled Smoke: Breathed out by the smoker.
      • Side Stream Smoke: Smoke drifting from the lit cigar.
      • Secondhand Smoke: Combination of exhaled mainstream and side stream smoke.
      • Thirdhand Smoke: Tobacco residue left behind.

    Alcohol Dependence & Abuse

    • Alcohol Dependence: Diagnosed when individuals experience withdrawals and struggle to control consumption.
    • Alcohol Abuse: Occurs when alcoholism interferes with major obligations.
    • Tuba: Palm wine made from coconut water.
    • Lambanog: Fermented coconut sap.
    • Layaw: Strong corn wine.
    • Basi: Sugarcane wine.
    • Agkud: Liquor made from rice, corn, and cassava.
    • Laksoy: Nipa palm sap.
    • Tapey: Rice wine.

    Communicable Disease Prevention & Control Programs & Policies

    • National Dengue Prevention and Control Program
    • Philippine Malaria Information System (PhilMIS)
    • RA 8504: Philippine AIDS Prevention and Control Act of 1998
    • RA 7719: National Blood Services Act of 1994
    • National TB Control Program (NTP)

    Agencies Responsible for Communicable Diseases

    • Research Institute for Tropical Medicine
    • National Epidemiology Center
    • National Center for Disease Prevention and Control

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