43 Questions
Which of the following is NOT one of the clinical cardinal signs of acute inflammation?
Scarring
What is the definition of acute inflammation?
A redundant complex adaptive and protective response of vessel's resident cells leucocytes to noxious stimuli
What is not a morphological hallmark of acute inflammatory reactions?
Passive exudation of fluid in the extravascular tissues
Which of the following is NOT a cause of acute inflammation?
Metabolic response
What is the purpose of acute inflammation?
To eliminate the offending agent and repair the tissues
Which of the following is NOT a clinical cardinal sign of acute inflammation?
Sweating
What is the duration of acute inflammation?
Hours to days
What is the purpose of vessel dilation in acute inflammation?
To increase blood flow
Which of the following is NOT a step of acute inflammation?
Regulation of the response
Which of the following is NOT a mediator in acute inflammation?
Insulin
Which mediator is responsible for triggering vasodilation in acute inflammation?
Histamine
What is the outcome when there has been little tissue disruption and the parenchyma cells can regenerate?
Complete resolution
What is the term for the increase in core body temperature secondary to the increase of the hypothalamic setpoint?
Pyrexia
Which of the following is NOT a positive acute phase protein?
Albumin
What is the term for extravascular filtering of protein and cell poor fluid due to increased hydrostatic pressure or decreased colloid osmotic pressure or a combination of both?
Transudate
What is the cause of ascites in the case mentioned in the text?
All of the above
Which of the following conditions is NOT associated with increased hydrostatic pressure in transudates?
Liver disease
What is the term for a biological molecule that is objectively measured and is an indicator of a normal or abnormal process, or of a conditional disease?
Biomarker
Which type of inflammation is characterized by the presence of high protein content and increased permeability of blood vessels?
Fibrinous
Which type of inflammation is typically associated with bacterial infections and consists of degenerated and necrotic neutrophils, debris, and fluid?
Purulent
Which type of inflammation reflects severe vascular damage, loss of endothelial integrity, and extensive tissue necrosis, leading to the leakage of red blood cells?
Haemorrhagic
What is the key characteristic of exudates?
High protein concentration
Which type of acute inflammation is associated with an extravascular fluid with a low concentration of plasma protein and low numbers of leukocytes?
Serous
What are the morphological hallmarks of acute inflammatory reactions?
Dilation of blood vessels and accumulation of leukocytes
Which type of acute inflammation is characterized by the presence of fibrin strands and a coating or mat overlying affected tissues?
Fibrinous
What is the key difference between exudates and transudates?
Presence of leukocytes
What can be inferred about the pathogenesis of inflammation based on the intensity and severity of vascular permeability, abundance of leukocytes, and types of exudate?
The presence of an inflammatory process
Which type of acute inflammation is characterized by an extravascular fluid with a high protein concentration and can contain leukocytes?
Serous
Match the following clinical cardinal signs of acute inflammation with their definitions:
Heat = Increased temperature due to increased blood flow Redness = Due to the dilation of blood vessels Swelling = Caused by accumulation of fluid Pain = Resulting from pressure on nerve endings
Match the following causes of acute inflammation with their examples:
Infectious causes = Bacterial, viral, fungal, parasitic and microbial toxins Tissue necrosis = Trauma – physical and chemical injury – radiation Foreign bodies = Dark splinters, dirt, sutures Immune reactions = Urate crystals e.g. in gout, cholesterol crystals – atherosclerosis and lipids
Match the following aspects of acute inflammation with their descriptions:
Duration = Can last hours to days Purpose = Eliminate the offending agent and repair the tissues Morphological hallmarks = Dilation of blood vessels, activation and recruitment of leucocytes and active exudation of fluid in the extravascular tissues Definition = A redundant complex adaptive and protective response of vessel's resident cells leucocytes to noxious stimuli
Match the following components of acute inflammation with their roles:
Leucocytes = Resident cells of vessels that respond to noxious stimuli Blood vessels = Dilate and cause redness Extravascular fluid = Exudes actively in tissues Cells and molecules of host defence = Brought from the circulation to the sites where they are needed
Match the following terms related to acute inflammation with their definitions:
Noxious stimuli = Harmful or painful stimuli that cause inflammation Resident cells = Cells that are normally present in a particular tissue or organ Exudation = Escape of fluid, proteins, and blood cells from the vascular system into the interstitial tissue or body cavities Host defence = The mechanisms used by the body to fight off infection and disease
Match the following steps of acute inflammation with their descriptions:
Recognition of the injurious agents = Identifying harmful elements causing the inflammation Recruitment of leucocytes = Attracting white blood cells to the site of inflammation Regulation of the response = Controlling the inflammation process Repair or resolution = Healing the damaged tissue or resolving the inflammation
Match these mediators in acute inflammation with their sources:
Vasoactive amines = Produced by mast cells, bays of cells and platelets Inflammatory lipids = Produced by mast cells or leucocytes Complement (C5a or C3a) = Produced in the liver Cytokines = Produced by macrophages, endothelial cells, mast cells
Match the following roles of mediators in acute inflammation with their triggers:
Vasodilation = Triggered by Inflammatory lipids Increased vascular permeability = Triggered by Vasoactive amines, Complement, Inflammatory lipids, Cytokines Leukocyte recruitment and activation = Triggered by Inflammatory lipids, Complement, Cytokines Pain triggering = Triggered by Inflammatory lipids
Match the following sequences of acute inflammation with their outcomes:
Complete resolution = Outcome when there has been little tissue disruption and the parenchyma cells can regenerate Scarring or fibrosis = Occurs after substantial tissue destruction when the inflammatory injury is incapable of restoration Progression to chronic inflammation = Occurs when we have persistence of the injurious agent or some interference with the normal process of healing
Match the following acute phase proteins with their behavior during inflammation:
C reactive protein = Increases during inflammation Serum amyloid A = Increases during inflammation Albumin = Reduces during inflammation Transferrin = Reduces during inflammation
Match the following types of inflammation with their definitions:
Serous inflammation = Inflammation with Exudation of fluid with a low concentration of plasma protein and low numbers of leucocytes Fibrinous inflammation = Inflammation with exudation of fibrinogen and fluid and formation of thick friable loosely adherent vibrant Purulent inflammation = Inflammation with production of pus, viscous to creamy liquid, and Exudate consisting of degenerated and necrotic neutrophils, debris and fluid Haemorrhagic inflammation = Inflammation with vascular damage, loss of integrity of endothelium and/or extensive tissue necrosis, with leakage of red blood cells
Match the following types of inflammation with their examples:
Serous inflammation = Serous rhinitis - acute allergic reaction or cutaneous blisters Fibrinous inflammation = Fibrinous peritonitis in the pig Purulent inflammation = Purulent Pleurisy in the horse (pyothorax) Haemorrhagic inflammation = Haemorrhagic enteritis in a dog due to parvovirus
Match the following terms to their descriptions:
Exudate = extravascular fluid with a high protein concentration and can contain leucocytes Inflammatory process = condition that increases the permeability of blood vessels Leucocytes = cells actively transmigrating across capillary walls in cases of high vascular permeability Fibrinous peritonitis in the pig = example of Exudates having high protein content
Match the following types of inflammation with their main characteristics:
Serous inflammation = Exudation of fluid with a low concentration of plasma protein and low to low numbers of leucocytes Fibrinous inflammation = Exudation of fibrinogen and fluid and formation of thick friable loosely adherent vibrant Purulent inflammation = Production of pus, viscous to creamy liquid, and Exudate consisting of degenerated and necrotic neutrophils, debris and fluid Haemorrhagic inflammation = Vascular damage, loss of integrity of endothelium and/or extensive tissue necrosis, with leakage of red blood cells
Match the following types of inflammation with their associated conditions:
Serous inflammation = Serous rhinitis - acute allergic reaction or cutaneous blisters Fibrinous inflammation = Fibrinous peritonitis in the pig - Fibrin strand overlying a bronchopneumonic lobe Purulent inflammation = Purulent Pleurisy in the horse (pyothorax) - Purulent lymphanditis and cellulitis in a sheep Haemorrhagic inflammation = Haemorrhagic enteritis in a dog due to parvovirus
Test your knowledge of acute inflammation and its clinical cardinal signs with this quiz! Learn about the heat, redness, swelling, pain, and loss of function that characterize this protective response.
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