Acute Inflammation
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the clinical cardinal signs of acute inflammation?

  • Scarring (correct)
  • Swelling
  • Redness
  • Heat

What is the definition of acute inflammation?

  • A chronic adaptive response to microbial toxins
  • An immune reaction to tissue necrosis
  • A protective response of vessel's resident seller leucocytes to noxious stimuli
  • A redundant complex adaptive and protective response of vessel's resident cells leucocytes to noxious stimuli (correct)

What is not a morphological hallmark of acute inflammatory reactions?

  • Constriction of blood vessels
  • Activation of leucocytes
  • Recruitment of leucocytes
  • Passive exudation of fluid in the extravascular tissues (correct)

Which of the following is NOT a cause of acute inflammation?

<p>Metabolic response (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of acute inflammation?

<p>To eliminate the offending agent and repair the tissues (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a clinical cardinal sign of acute inflammation?

<p>Sweating (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the duration of acute inflammation?

<p>Hours to days (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of vessel dilation in acute inflammation?

<p>To increase blood flow (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a step of acute inflammation?

<p>Regulation of the response (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a mediator in acute inflammation?

<p>Insulin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mediator is responsible for triggering vasodilation in acute inflammation?

<p>Histamine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome when there has been little tissue disruption and the parenchyma cells can regenerate?

<p>Complete resolution (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the increase in core body temperature secondary to the increase of the hypothalamic setpoint?

<p>Pyrexia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a positive acute phase protein?

<p>Albumin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for extravascular filtering of protein and cell poor fluid due to increased hydrostatic pressure or decreased colloid osmotic pressure or a combination of both?

<p>Transudate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of ascites in the case mentioned in the text?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is NOT associated with increased hydrostatic pressure in transudates?

<p>Liver disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a biological molecule that is objectively measured and is an indicator of a normal or abnormal process, or of a conditional disease?

<p>Biomarker (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of inflammation is characterized by the presence of high protein content and increased permeability of blood vessels?

<p>Fibrinous (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of inflammation is typically associated with bacterial infections and consists of degenerated and necrotic neutrophils, debris, and fluid?

<p>Purulent (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of inflammation reflects severe vascular damage, loss of endothelial integrity, and extensive tissue necrosis, leading to the leakage of red blood cells?

<p>Haemorrhagic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key characteristic of exudates?

<p>High protein concentration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of acute inflammation is associated with an extravascular fluid with a low concentration of plasma protein and low numbers of leukocytes?

<p>Serous (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the morphological hallmarks of acute inflammatory reactions?

<p>Dilation of blood vessels and accumulation of leukocytes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of acute inflammation is characterized by the presence of fibrin strands and a coating or mat overlying affected tissues?

<p>Fibrinous (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between exudates and transudates?

<p>Presence of leukocytes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be inferred about the pathogenesis of inflammation based on the intensity and severity of vascular permeability, abundance of leukocytes, and types of exudate?

<p>The presence of an inflammatory process (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of acute inflammation is characterized by an extravascular fluid with a high protein concentration and can contain leukocytes?

<p>Serous (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following clinical cardinal signs of acute inflammation with their definitions:

<p>Heat = Increased temperature due to increased blood flow Redness = Due to the dilation of blood vessels Swelling = Caused by accumulation of fluid Pain = Resulting from pressure on nerve endings</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following causes of acute inflammation with their examples:

<p>Infectious causes = Bacterial, viral, fungal, parasitic and microbial toxins Tissue necrosis = Trauma – physical and chemical injury – radiation Foreign bodies = Dark splinters, dirt, sutures Immune reactions = Urate crystals e.g. in gout, cholesterol crystals – atherosclerosis and lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following aspects of acute inflammation with their descriptions:

<p>Duration = Can last hours to days Purpose = Eliminate the offending agent and repair the tissues Morphological hallmarks = Dilation of blood vessels, activation and recruitment of leucocytes and active exudation of fluid in the extravascular tissues Definition = A redundant complex adaptive and protective response of vessel's resident cells leucocytes to noxious stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components of acute inflammation with their roles:

<p>Leucocytes = Resident cells of vessels that respond to noxious stimuli Blood vessels = Dilate and cause redness Extravascular fluid = Exudes actively in tissues Cells and molecules of host defence = Brought from the circulation to the sites where they are needed</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms related to acute inflammation with their definitions:

<p>Noxious stimuli = Harmful or painful stimuli that cause inflammation Resident cells = Cells that are normally present in a particular tissue or organ Exudation = Escape of fluid, proteins, and blood cells from the vascular system into the interstitial tissue or body cavities Host defence = The mechanisms used by the body to fight off infection and disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following steps of acute inflammation with their descriptions:

<p>Recognition of the injurious agents = Identifying harmful elements causing the inflammation Recruitment of leucocytes = Attracting white blood cells to the site of inflammation Regulation of the response = Controlling the inflammation process Repair or resolution = Healing the damaged tissue or resolving the inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match these mediators in acute inflammation with their sources:

<p>Vasoactive amines = Produced by mast cells, bays of cells and platelets Inflammatory lipids = Produced by mast cells or leucocytes Complement (C5a or C3a) = Produced in the liver Cytokines = Produced by macrophages, endothelial cells, mast cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following roles of mediators in acute inflammation with their triggers:

<p>Vasodilation = Triggered by Inflammatory lipids Increased vascular permeability = Triggered by Vasoactive amines, Complement, Inflammatory lipids, Cytokines Leukocyte recruitment and activation = Triggered by Inflammatory lipids, Complement, Cytokines Pain triggering = Triggered by Inflammatory lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following sequences of acute inflammation with their outcomes:

<p>Complete resolution = Outcome when there has been little tissue disruption and the parenchyma cells can regenerate Scarring or fibrosis = Occurs after substantial tissue destruction when the inflammatory injury is incapable of restoration Progression to chronic inflammation = Occurs when we have persistence of the injurious agent or some interference with the normal process of healing</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following acute phase proteins with their behavior during inflammation:

<p>C reactive protein = Increases during inflammation Serum amyloid A = Increases during inflammation Albumin = Reduces during inflammation Transferrin = Reduces during inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of inflammation with their definitions:

<p>Serous inflammation = Inflammation with Exudation of fluid with a low concentration of plasma protein and low numbers of leucocytes Fibrinous inflammation = Inflammation with exudation of fibrinogen and fluid and formation of thick friable loosely adherent vibrant Purulent inflammation = Inflammation with production of pus, viscous to creamy liquid, and Exudate consisting of degenerated and necrotic neutrophils, debris and fluid Haemorrhagic inflammation = Inflammation with vascular damage, loss of integrity of endothelium and/or extensive tissue necrosis, with leakage of red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of inflammation with their examples:

<p>Serous inflammation = Serous rhinitis - acute allergic reaction or cutaneous blisters Fibrinous inflammation = Fibrinous peritonitis in the pig Purulent inflammation = Purulent Pleurisy in the horse (pyothorax) Haemorrhagic inflammation = Haemorrhagic enteritis in a dog due to parvovirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms to their descriptions:

<p>Exudate = extravascular fluid with a high protein concentration and can contain leucocytes Inflammatory process = condition that increases the permeability of blood vessels Leucocytes = cells actively transmigrating across capillary walls in cases of high vascular permeability Fibrinous peritonitis in the pig = example of Exudates having high protein content</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of inflammation with their main characteristics:

<p>Serous inflammation = Exudation of fluid with a low concentration of plasma protein and low to low numbers of leucocytes Fibrinous inflammation = Exudation of fibrinogen and fluid and formation of thick friable loosely adherent vibrant Purulent inflammation = Production of pus, viscous to creamy liquid, and Exudate consisting of degenerated and necrotic neutrophils, debris and fluid Haemorrhagic inflammation = Vascular damage, loss of integrity of endothelium and/or extensive tissue necrosis, with leakage of red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of inflammation with their associated conditions:

<p>Serous inflammation = Serous rhinitis - acute allergic reaction or cutaneous blisters Fibrinous inflammation = Fibrinous peritonitis in the pig - Fibrin strand overlying a bronchopneumonic lobe Purulent inflammation = Purulent Pleurisy in the horse (pyothorax) - Purulent lymphanditis and cellulitis in a sheep Haemorrhagic inflammation = Haemorrhagic enteritis in a dog due to parvovirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

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