Chestnut Chapter 2- AI Lesson 2

During pregnancy, which lung volume or capacity experiences the most significant increase?

Which of the following best describes the change in Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) during pregnancy, and what contributes to this change?

A pregnant woman is experiencing shortness of breath. Based on the physiological changes of pregnancy, which of the following is the MOST likely contributing factor?

How does pregnancy affect Total Lung Capacity (TLC), and what is the primary reason for this change?

A physician is evaluating a pregnant patient with concerns about her respiratory function. Which combination of changes in lung volumes and capacities is MOST expected during the patient's third trimester?

A pregnant patient in her second trimester presents with a grade II systolic ejection murmur at the left sternal border. This murmur is most likely attributed to:

During pregnancy, cardiac output increases primarily due to an increase in:

Echocardiography in a pregnant woman at 20 weeks gestation is likely to reveal left ventricular hypertrophy characterized by:

Which of the following valvular changes is LEAST likely to occur as a physiological adaptation during normal pregnancy?

The point of maximal cardiac impulse (PMI) in a pregnant woman at term is typically displaced:

Central venous pressure, pulmonary artery diastolic pressure, and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure during normal pregnancy are typically:

The increase in left ventricular end-diastolic volume without a proportional increase in left ventricular filling pressure during pregnancy is best explained by:

Myocardial contractility during pregnancy is expected to:

What is the primary reason for the increase in brachial artery blood pressure observed in some term pregnant women in the supine position?

The supine hypotension syndrome in pregnant women is characterized by which sequence of events?

What is the underlying physiological cause of supine hypotension syndrome in pregnant women?

According to the provided information, how does the lateral position affect intra-abdominal pressure in term pregnant patients?

What happens to the inferior vena cava in a term pregnant woman when she lies in the supine position?

How does collateral circulation contribute to venous return in term pregnant women experiencing caval compression?

What percentage elevation above baseline of femoral venous and lower inferior vena cava pressures is consistent with findings by angiography in some term pregnant women?

Which of the following best describes the relationship between BMI and intra-abdominal pressure in term pregnant patients?

During the late phase of the third trimester in normotensive pregnant patients, what happens to the Left Ventricular Stroke Work Index (LVSWI) as Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Pressure (PCWP) increases?

Based on the cardiac output changes throughout pregnancy, labor and postpartum, when does cardiac output reach its peak?

What percentage change from pre-pregnant levels does heart rate (HR) increase during gestation?

What happens to Systemic Vascular Resistance (SVR) during gestation, and what percentage change does it undergo?

Which hemodynamic parameter does not change during gestation?

During which period does cardiac output experience the most significant increase relative to pre-pregnancy levels?

According to the figure representing Left Ventricular function, what range of PCWP (Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Pressure) values correlates with a 'normal' LVSWI (Left Ventricular Stroke Work Index)?

What characterizes the pattern of cardiac output change across the trimesters of pregnancy?

If a pregnant patient exhibits a 40% increase in cardiac output during the second trimester, what corresponding change in stroke volume (SV) would likely contribute to this increase, assuming heart rate (HR) remains relatively stable?

Based on the provided figures, how does labor affect cardiac output compared to the third trimester of pregnancy?

What is the primary hormonal influence on the increase in minute ventilation during pregnancy?

How does the PaCO2 typically change during the first trimester of pregnancy compared to the nonpregnant state?

What is the typical change in tidal volume observed during pregnancy?

How does the arteriovenous oxygen difference change as pregnancy progresses?

Why might a pregnant woman in the supine position after mid-gestation have a PaO2 less than 100 mm Hg (13.3 kPa)?

What is the expected blood pH level during pregnancy?

By what percentage does alveolar ventilation increase above baseline during pregnancy?

How does the CO2-ventilatory response curve change during pregnancy?

Why does serum creatinine concentration decrease during pregnancy?

What is the typical range for creatinine clearance in a pregnant woman at term?

How does the filtration fraction change during pregnancy, and why?

What happens to blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration during the first trimester of pregnancy?

When do renal hemodynamic alterations typically return to pre-pregnancy levels postpartum?

What happens to gastric volume during labor?

How does gastric acid secretion change during labor, based on gastric pH levels?

When does gastric emptying return to pre-pregnancy levels after delivery?