Lower Respiratory Tract Disorders
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Questions and Answers

What can cause absorptive atelectasis?

  • Abdominal distension
  • Pleural effusion
  • Decreased levels of surfactant (correct)
  • Airway tumors

    • What is a risk factor for atelectasis?

  • Bronchoscopy
  • Abdominal surgery (correct)
  • Early ambulation
  • Opioid withdrawal

    • What is a clinical manifestation of atelectasis?

  • Decreased cough
  • Decreased fever
  • Increased sputum production (correct)
  • Decreased dyspnea

    • What is a type of atelectasis?

    <p>Obstructive atelectasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can help prevent atelectasis?

    <p>Early ambulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a diagnostic study for atelectasis?

    <p>ABGs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause compressive atelectasis?

    <p>Pleural effusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common location for atelectasis to occur?

    <p>Lower respiratory tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of chest physiotherapy in patients with pneumonia?

    <p>To improve lung expansion and clearance of secretions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a risk factor for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)?

    <p>Having a history of smoking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP)?

    <p>Enterobacter species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should a patient with pneumonia be hospitalized?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of incentive spirometry in patients with pneumonia?

    <p>To improve lung expansion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of healthcare-associated pneumonia (HCAP)?

    <p>Pneumonia in non-hospitalized patients with extensive healthcare contact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pathophysiology of pneumonia?

    <p>Microorganism enters lower airways/alveoli and causes inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the risk factor for pneumonia mentioned in the content?

    <p>Previous pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause acute inflammatory response in the lung parenchyma?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common risk factor for atelectasis?

    <p>Dysphagia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema?

    <p>Caused by ARDS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a clinical manifestation of pulmonary edema?

    <p>Severe respiratory distress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a normal amount of fluid in the pleural space?

    <p>20-25 mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of transudate fluid?

    <p>Caused by an imbalance of oncotic pressures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a treatment for pulmonary edema?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a clinical manifestation of pleural effusion?

    <p>Dyspnea and tachypnea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common trigger for asthma attacks?

    <p>Eating fatty or spicy foods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a predisposing factor for asthma?

    <p>Female sex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a severe asthma attack?

    <p>Loud wheezing and gasping for breath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum flow rate for nasal cannula?

    <p>6 L/min</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of COPD?

    <p>Smoking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most severe type of pneumothorax?

    <p>Tension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major risk factor for ARDS?

    <p>Sepsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of cancer of the larynx?

    <p>Hoarse voice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common feature of CXR/CT findings in patients with Sepsis, Aspiration, Trauma, Covid?

    <p>Bilateral patchy infiltrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Chronic Bronchitis?

    <p>Airway obstruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of Asthma?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of oxygen therapy in COPD?

    <p>Maintain O2 saturation around 90-92%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of Sepsis, Aspiration, Trauma, Covid?

    <p>Rapid onset severe dyspnea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a management strategy for COPD?

    <p>Stop smoking and exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a complication of COPD?

    <p>Digital clubbing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of oxygen therapy in COPD?

    <p>Maintain O2 saturation around 90-92%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Lower Respiratory Tract Disorders

    • Atelectasis:
      • Collapse or closure of alveoli leading to loss of lung volume
      • Types:
        • Absorptive atelectasis: worst scenario in respiratory assessment, occurs due to surfactant ratio imbalance or decreased levels of inhaled nitrogen
        • Compressive atelectasis: external forces compressing on pleural lung tissue
        • Obstructive atelectasis: blockage of air passage to and from alveoli
    • Clinical manifestations:
      • Increasing dyspnea, sputum production, cough, fever, egophony
    • Risk factors:
      • Surgery, opioid use, abdominal distension, NG tube
    • Diagnostic studies:
      • O2 sat, CXR, CT chest, ABGs, Bronchoscopy
    • Prevention:
      • Move and ambulate, deep breathing, coughing, incentive spirometer, chest physiotherapy, nebulizer

    Pneumonia

    • Inflammation of lung parenchyma caused by microorganisms
    • Classification:
      • Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP): Streptococcus pneumoniae, risk factors include previous PNA, smoking, household >10 people, contact with children
      • Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP): Enterobacter species, risk factors include prolonged intubation, exposure to antibiotics
      • Healthcare-associated pneumonia (HCAP): nonhospitalized patients with extensive healthcare contact
    • Risk factors:
      • Altered LOC, neurological disorders, dysphagia, recumbent positioning, NG tubes, advanced age, mechanical ventilation
    • Prevention:
      • High-risk patients: high Fowler's position, early mobilization, deep breathing, coughing, NO straws, thickened liquids, assessing NG tube with CXR

    Pulmonary Edema

    • Abnormal accumulation of fluid in lung tissue/alveolar space
    • Types:
      • Acute pulmonary edema or "Flash Edema": life-threatening
      • Noncardiogenic: ARDS, neurogenic, reexpansion, negative pressure
      • Cardiogenic: left-sided heart failure
    • Clinical manifestations:
      • Severe respiratory distress, foamy/frothy blood-tinged sputum, wheezing and crackling in the lungs
    • Treatment:
      • O2 therapy, intubation or mechanical ventilation, vasodilators, ACE inhibitors, diuretics, digoxin, opioids

    Pleural Effusion

    • Abnormal collection of fluid in the pleural space
    • Types:
      • Transudate fluid: imbalance of oncotic pressures, nondiseased pleura
      • Exudate fluid: inflammatory bacterial products or tumors; empyemas
    • Clinical manifestations:
      • Dyspnea, tachypnea, sharp pleuritic chest pain, decreased/absent breath sounds
    • Diagnostic:
      • CXR/CT: similar to cardiogenic pulmonary edema, bilateral patchy infiltrates, and increased alveolar dead space

    Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

    • Chronic and progressive expiratory airflow limitations
    • Pathophysiology:
      • Airflow restriction due to emphysema and chronic bronchitis
    • Risk factors:
      • Tobacco, exposure to particles, genetic factors, cooking in poorly ventilated areas
    • Clinical manifestations:
      • Dyspnea, chronic cough > 3 months, sputum production, barrel chest, wheezing, pursed lip breathing, digital clubbing
    • Management:
      • Stop smoking, exercise, nutrition, PNA/Influenza vaccinations, bronchodilators, inhaled corticosteroids, diuretics, phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors, alpha-1 replacement therapy, antibiotics, oxygen therapy

    Asthma

    • Common, obstruction of small airways
    • Pathophysiology:
      • Predisposing factors: atopy, female sex
      • Causal factors: indoor/outdoor allergens, occupational
    • Clinical manifestations:
      • Worse at night, cough, dyspnea, wheezing, chest tightness, tachycardia
    • Management:
      • Patient education, bronchodilators, inhaled corticosteroids, oral steroids, leukotriene receptor antagonists

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    Description

    This quiz covers topics related to Lower Respiratory Tract Disorders, including Atelectasis, its causes, and effects on lung volume. It also touches on nutrition, hydration, and body image in relation to respiratory health.

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