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Questions and Answers
What is a characteristic feature of the Lower Palaeolithic age?
What is a characteristic feature of the Lower Palaeolithic age?
Which of the following sites is associated with the Early Palaeolithic tools?
Which of the following sites is associated with the Early Palaeolithic tools?
Where were habitation-cum factory sites likely located during the Lower Palaeolithic age?
Where were habitation-cum factory sites likely located during the Lower Palaeolithic age?
Which region contains sites from the Lower Palaeolithic age that are approximately dated to 1,00,000 BC?
Which region contains sites from the Lower Palaeolithic age that are approximately dated to 1,00,000 BC?
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What type of environment do many Lower Palaeolithic sites appear to have served as?
What type of environment do many Lower Palaeolithic sites appear to have served as?
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What significant event marked the beginning of direct British rule in India?
What significant event marked the beginning of direct British rule in India?
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Which event in 1919 escalated national resentment against British rule in India?
Which event in 1919 escalated national resentment against British rule in India?
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What was a major outcome of the 1991 economic reforms in India?
What was a major outcome of the 1991 economic reforms in India?
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Which initiative aimed at enhancing food production in India during the 1960s?
Which initiative aimed at enhancing food production in India during the 1960s?
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What was one of the primary focuses of social movements led by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar?
What was one of the primary focuses of social movements led by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar?
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Which of the following was NOT a component of post-independence economic policies in India?
Which of the following was NOT a component of post-independence economic policies in India?
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What method did Mahatma Gandhi promote during the independence movement?
What method did Mahatma Gandhi promote during the independence movement?
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What aspect of British colonization included the introduction of Western education in India?
What aspect of British colonization included the introduction of Western education in India?
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Study Notes
Lower Palaeolithic Age
- Covers the majority of the Ice Age.
- Characterized by the use of hand-axes, cleavers, and choppers.
- Sites found in the Soan Valley in Punjab, Pakistan.
- Other sites found at Hunsgi, Karnataka.
Early Palaeolithic Tools
- Found in the Belan valley.
- Belan sites contain caves and rock shelters, which may have served as seasonal camps for humans.
Palaeolithic Sites in India
- Sites in the Didwana desert of Rajasthan are dated to roughly 100,000 BC.
- Sites in the Belan and Narmada valleys (Madhya Pradesh) are also dated to roughly 100,000 BC.
- Caves and rock shelters near Bhimbetka in Madhya Pradesh are also dated to roughly 100,000 BC.
- Some sites contain a large number of tools, likely indicating habitation and tool-making areas.
British Colonization
- The British East India Company gained control in India during the 18th century, culminating in the decisive Battle of Plassey in 1757.
- Following the Sepoy Mutiny of 1857, the British Crown assumed direct control in 1858, ushering in the era of the British Raj.
- The British exploited India's resources, introduced cash crops like cotton and tea, and suppressed local industries, favoring the development of infrastructure that primarily benefitted British interests.
- British rule enforced Western education and legal systems, promoting English as the primary language of administration and communication.
Indian Independence Movement
- The Indian National Congress, founded in 1885, initially aimed for reforms within the existing British system.
- Mahatma Gandhi led the movement towards independence using non-violent civil disobedience, exemplified by the Salt March of 1930.
- The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre in 1919, where unarmed civilians were killed by British troops, fueled widespread resentment against British rule.
- The Quit India Movement of 1942 demanded immediate independence from British rule.
- The Round Table Conferences (1930-1932) and negotiations following World War II ultimately led to India’s independence.
Economic Liberalization
- Before 1991, India’s economy was largely controlled by the state with a strong public sector.
- In response to a severe balance of payments crisis, India implemented significant economic reforms in 1991.
- These reforms included deregulation of industries, tariff reduction, increased foreign investment, and a focus on privatization and globalization.
- As a consequence of these reforms, India witnessed rapid economic growth, a rise in GDP, and its emergence as a major player in the global economy.
Post-independence Reforms
- Land reforms aimed to abolish the feudal zamindari system and redistribute land to peasants, reducing the power of landlords.
- The Green Revolution, starting in the 1960s, introduced high-yielding crops and modern agricultural techniques, significantly boosting food production.
- Post-independence economic policies focused on a mixed economy, supporting the development of heavy industries and public sector enterprises.
- There were significant social development programs aimed at improving literacy rates and uplifting marginalized communities, particularly through initiatives in education and healthcare.
Social Movements
- Social movements have focused on issues such as caste discrimination, gender equality, environmental protection, and human rights.
- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar led movements to address caste discrimination and advocate for the rights of Dalits.
- The Women’s Rights Movement campaigned for gender equality, legal rights, and women's empowerment, leading to significant legal reforms.
- Environmental movements, like the Chipko Movement, focused on conservation and sustainable development, particularly in response to deforestation and resource depletion.
- After the economic liberalization of 1991, human rights movements saw increased activism, addressing issues like discrimination, violence, and minority rights.
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Description
Explore the Lower Palaeolithic Age focusing on tool usage and significant archaeological sites in India. This quiz covers the development of early human tools and the evidence of habitation in various regions like Punjab and Madhya Pradesh. Test your knowledge of ancient history and early human life in India.
