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Questions and Answers
The Palaeolithic era is divided into Lower, Middle, and Upper __________.
The Palaeolithic era is divided into Lower, Middle, and Upper __________.
Palaeolithic
Blade tools are associated with the __________ Palaeolithic.
Blade tools are associated with the __________ Palaeolithic.
Upper
Flake tools are characteristic of the __________ Palaeolithic.
Flake tools are characteristic of the __________ Palaeolithic.
Middle
Core tools are typical of the __________ Palaeolithic.
Core tools are typical of the __________ Palaeolithic.
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The chronological range for Lower Palaeolithic in India is generally considered to be between __________ million to 50,000 years.
The chronological range for Lower Palaeolithic in India is generally considered to be between __________ million to 50,000 years.
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Middle Palaeolithic is taken to range between 50,000 to __________ years.
Middle Palaeolithic is taken to range between 50,000 to __________ years.
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The Upper Palaeolithic ranges from __________ to 9,000 BC.
The Upper Palaeolithic ranges from __________ to 9,000 BC.
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The initial Pleistocene chronology in India was based on the work of De Terra and __________.
The initial Pleistocene chronology in India was based on the work of De Terra and __________.
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The first pluviation suggested that there was no ______.
The first pluviation suggested that there was no ______.
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The red crust created from the in-situ change of the rock surface is referred to as primary ______.
The red crust created from the in-situ change of the rock surface is referred to as primary ______.
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During the dry phase, a ______ flow caused a fine consolidated clay deposit.
During the dry phase, a ______ flow caused a fine consolidated clay deposit.
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The massive rivers of India during the second pluviation brought about huge deposits of ______.
The massive rivers of India during the second pluviation brought about huge deposits of ______.
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Boulders were fixed into a ______ with natural time.
Boulders were fixed into a ______ with natural time.
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The Pleistocene geo-chronology for Indian rivers includes Sandy Gravel, Dark Silt, and ______ Clay.
The Pleistocene geo-chronology for Indian rivers includes Sandy Gravel, Dark Silt, and ______ Clay.
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The Upper Pleistocene is represented by two gravels, with the older one recording core tools and thus representing ______ Palaeolithic.
The Upper Pleistocene is represented by two gravels, with the older one recording core tools and thus representing ______ Palaeolithic.
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At Attirampakkam near Chennai, Lower Palaeolithic is dated to ______ million years.
At Attirampakkam near Chennai, Lower Palaeolithic is dated to ______ million years.
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Palaeolithic tools have been reported from Riwat and Pabbi Hills, which are located in ______.
Palaeolithic tools have been reported from Riwat and Pabbi Hills, which are located in ______.
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The geo-chronology for India was based by De Terra and Paterson on the succession observed at Sohan near ______.
The geo-chronology for India was based by De Terra and Paterson on the succession observed at Sohan near ______.
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The third gravel, reported with an absolute date of 19,000, is from the Belan river near ______.
The third gravel, reported with an absolute date of 19,000, is from the Belan river near ______.
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Distinct early Pleistocene fauna identified as Elephas ______ was found in association with early human tools.
Distinct early Pleistocene fauna identified as Elephas ______ was found in association with early human tools.
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The vast amounts of tools described from each of the terraces are classified as the ______ Industry.
The vast amounts of tools described from each of the terraces are classified as the ______ Industry.
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Gregory Possehl suggested that gravels representing the Pleistocene epoch should be confirmed by ______.
Gregory Possehl suggested that gravels representing the Pleistocene epoch should be confirmed by ______.
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Tools from the topmost terrace are designated as ______ in reference to their chronological placement.
Tools from the topmost terrace are designated as ______ in reference to their chronological placement.
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The context of the terraces was traced by the presence of distinct early Pleistocene fauna found near Dal lake in ______.
The context of the terraces was traced by the presence of distinct early Pleistocene fauna found near Dal lake in ______.
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The tools collected from the excavations at a number of sites show both early Acheulian and middle ______ artifacts.
The tools collected from the excavations at a number of sites show both early Acheulian and middle ______ artifacts.
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______ are known for their massive handaxes prepared only by stone hammer technique.
______ are known for their massive handaxes prepared only by stone hammer technique.
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The high frequency of choppers and chopping tools originates from the ______ period.
The high frequency of choppers and chopping tools originates from the ______ period.
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Ever since vertical evolution of choppers through lower Acheulian to late Acheulian has been demonstrated in Olduvai ______.
Ever since vertical evolution of choppers through lower Acheulian to late Acheulian has been demonstrated in Olduvai ______.
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In India, A.P. Khatri claimed a similar sequence at Mahadeo Piparia on the ______.
In India, A.P. Khatri claimed a similar sequence at Mahadeo Piparia on the ______.
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The site called ______ is being excavated by scholars near the Narmada alluvial bank.
The site called ______ is being excavated by scholars near the Narmada alluvial bank.
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The bulk of our Lower Palaeolithic studies from various Indian states are derived from surface collection from river ______.
The bulk of our Lower Palaeolithic studies from various Indian states are derived from surface collection from river ______.
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A vertical evolution of Lower Palaeolithic stages could never be attempted from the single ______ referred to as Boulder Conglomerate.
A vertical evolution of Lower Palaeolithic stages could never be attempted from the single ______ referred to as Boulder Conglomerate.
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Sohan shows a link with central Asia, indicating an Acheulian mobility from ______.
Sohan shows a link with central Asia, indicating an Acheulian mobility from ______.
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Evidences from Western Punjab, Sind, and Shimla provide insight into the climatic history of ______.
Evidences from Western Punjab, Sind, and Shimla provide insight into the climatic history of ______.
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The studies near Jodhpur deliver a nearly complete picture of climatic ______ in the area.
The studies near Jodhpur deliver a nearly complete picture of climatic ______ in the area.
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The minor, moist phases would seem more congenial to human ______ than an acute mid pluvial phase.
The minor, moist phases would seem more congenial to human ______ than an acute mid pluvial phase.
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Prof. V.N. Misra organized an investigation of a rich Acheulian site at ______ in Rajasthan.
Prof. V.N. Misra organized an investigation of a rich Acheulian site at ______ in Rajasthan.
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The Odisha and Andhra sites show more ______ based specimens than sites in Maharashtra and Karnataka.
The Odisha and Andhra sites show more ______ based specimens than sites in Maharashtra and Karnataka.
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The excavation reveals three distinct depositional ______, namely Jayal, Amarpura, and Didwana.
The excavation reveals three distinct depositional ______, namely Jayal, Amarpura, and Didwana.
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In the eastern region, flake tools are prepared in large and ______ flakes.
In the eastern region, flake tools are prepared in large and ______ flakes.
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The Lower Palaeolithic in India could demonstrate vertical ______ once primary sites are discovered.
The Lower Palaeolithic in India could demonstrate vertical ______ once primary sites are discovered.
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The Jayal group appears to have been formed during the late Tertiary and Lower ______ period.
The Jayal group appears to have been formed during the late Tertiary and Lower ______ period.
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Deposits of boulders found measure between ______ to 60 meters in thickness.
Deposits of boulders found measure between ______ to 60 meters in thickness.
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The primary sites include Bhimbetka and Adamgarh, along with Chirkhi-Nevasa, Paisra, and ______.
The primary sites include Bhimbetka and Adamgarh, along with Chirkhi-Nevasa, Paisra, and ______.
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Almost all primary sites show extremely rich upper Acheulian tools and a good number of ______ and chopping tools.
Almost all primary sites show extremely rich upper Acheulian tools and a good number of ______ and chopping tools.
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At least in cave III F-23 of Bhimbetka, lower Palaeolithic tools are not seen to occur in more than one ______.
At least in cave III F-23 of Bhimbetka, lower Palaeolithic tools are not seen to occur in more than one ______.
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Adamgarh tools compare well with those of Bhimbetka, with the exception that 30 percent of the assemblage are identified as ______ tools.
Adamgarh tools compare well with those of Bhimbetka, with the exception that 30 percent of the assemblage are identified as ______ tools.
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The caves at Adamgarh are located very close to the bank of ______.
The caves at Adamgarh are located very close to the bank of ______.
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Study Notes
Archaeological Anthropology: Lower Palaeolithic Culture of India
- Palaeolithic refers to the period during the entire Pleistocene epoch and is divided into Lower, Middle, and Upper Palaeolithic based on tool types.
- Lower Palaeolithic, spanning from 2.8 million to 50,000 years ago, is characterized by core tools.
- Middle Palaeolithic (50,000 to 19,000 years ago) is marked by flake tools.
- Upper Palaeolithic (19,000 to 9,000 BC) is defined by blade tools.
- Early Pleistocene chronology in India was initially based on alluvial deposits and pluviations, as studied by De Terra and Peterson in 1939. This led to identifying primary laterite (red crust) and mottled clay deposits related to different pluvial/inter-pluvial periods.
- This initial approach was based on the succession of river deposits, but later, absolute dating methods provided more accurate chronological frameworks for Lower Palaeolithic sites. Sites like Attirampakkam (1.5 million years), Isampur (1.2 million years), and sites in Maharashtra and Riwat, Pakistan (2.1 million years) pushing back the dates of human arrival.
- Geo-chronology in India is based on the sequence of gravel deposits. However, it is not totally reliable and has significant limitations.
- Tools from various sites in different regions of India (e.g., Sohan Valley, Narmada, Bhimbetka, Adamgarh) show evidence of early/mid-Acheulian, showing considerable variety and frequency of chopper and chopping tools.
- There are considerable debates about the evolution of the Lower Palaeolithic in India, as the available sites are primarily surface or river valley sites rather than primary sites, which makes direct vertical/stratigraphical progression less clear.
- Important sites like Adamgarh, Bhimbetka, and Chirkhi-Nevasa, show substantial Lower Palaeolithic assemblages.
- Some sites, like Bhimbetka, show a high percentage of chopper and chopping tools, differing from other sites which primarily show handaxes. This may be explained by the local availability of raw materials.
- The development of Lower Palaeolithic tool technology in India is still under investigation.
- Recent studies have questioned the previous chronological interpretations based on early geo-chronology models for the Lower Palaeolithic in India.
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Description
Explore the fascinating aspects of the Lower Palaeolithic culture in India, a key period in archaeological anthropology. Learn about the characteristics, tool types, and chronological frameworks that define this era. Delve into the contributions of early researchers and modern dating methods in understanding our ancient past.
