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What is the angle of femoral neck anteversion in adults?
What is the angle of femoral neck anteversion in adults?
What is the depth of the acetabulum responsible for?
What is the depth of the acetabulum responsible for?
What is the primary characteristic of the hip joint's bony anatomy?
What is the primary characteristic of the hip joint's bony anatomy?
What is the primary function of the acetabular labrum?
What is the primary function of the acetabular labrum?
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Which ligament is biomechanically compared to the anterior tibiofibular ligament?
Which ligament is biomechanically compared to the anterior tibiofibular ligament?
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What is the range of dorsiflexion in the bimalleolar axis?
What is the range of dorsiflexion in the bimalleolar axis?
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During closed kinetic chain, what movement causes tibia internal rotation?
During closed kinetic chain, what movement causes tibia internal rotation?
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What percentage of syndesmosis movement is attributed to fibula proximal/distal migration?
What percentage of syndesmosis movement is attributed to fibula proximal/distal migration?
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Which ligament contributes to the stabilization of the foot structure and allows three-plan motion of pronation and supination?
Which ligament contributes to the stabilization of the foot structure and allows three-plan motion of pronation and supination?
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During pronation, how does the foot behave?
During pronation, how does the foot behave?
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What type of structure does the foot become during supination?
What type of structure does the foot become during supination?
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What is the main phase for achieving supination during gait?
What is the main phase for achieving supination during gait?
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What does the foot mainly achieve during the phase of contact with the soil?
What does the foot mainly achieve during the phase of contact with the soil?
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What allows the foot to obtain appropriate information through its rich proprioceptive apparatus?
What allows the foot to obtain appropriate information through its rich proprioceptive apparatus?
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What type of motion do muscles allow in harmony with articular constraints?
What type of motion do muscles allow in harmony with articular constraints?
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Which compartment contains the muscles that dorsiflex the ankle and extend the toes?
Which compartment contains the muscles that dorsiflex the ankle and extend the toes?
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Which muscle is responsible for ankle dorsiflexion and forefoot inversion?
Which muscle is responsible for ankle dorsiflexion and forefoot inversion?
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Which nerve innervates the Extensor Digitorum Longus (EDL)?
Which nerve innervates the Extensor Digitorum Longus (EDL)?
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What is the action of Extensor Hallucis Longus (EHL)?
What is the action of Extensor Hallucis Longus (EHL)?
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Which muscle is responsible for weak ankle dorsiflexion and forefoot eversion?
Which muscle is responsible for weak ankle dorsiflexion and forefoot eversion?
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Which nerve innervates the Fibularis (Peroneus) Longus (FL)?
Which nerve innervates the Fibularis (Peroneus) Longus (FL)?
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Where does the tendon of Fibularis (Peroneus) Longus (FL) course behind before going to its place of insertion?
Where does the tendon of Fibularis (Peroneus) Longus (FL) course behind before going to its place of insertion?
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Which muscle is NOT part of the superficial posterior compartment?
Which muscle is NOT part of the superficial posterior compartment?
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Which nerve innervates the muscles in the deep posterior compartment?
Which nerve innervates the muscles in the deep posterior compartment?
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What is the action of Popliteus muscle?
What is the action of Popliteus muscle?
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Which muscle originates from the shaft of the tibia?
Which muscle originates from the shaft of the tibia?
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Which muscle inserts at the base of the distal phalanx of the big toe?
Which muscle inserts at the base of the distal phalanx of the big toe?
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What is the typical anteversion angle between the neck and shaft of the femur in the coronal plane?
What is the typical anteversion angle between the neck and shaft of the femur in the coronal plane?
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What is the typical acetabular version in relation to anteversion and abduction?
What is the typical acetabular version in relation to anteversion and abduction?
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Where is the center of gravity in humans located in relation to the S2 vertebra?
Where is the center of gravity in humans located in relation to the S2 vertebra?
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How does the hip joint operate biomechanically?
How does the hip joint operate biomechanically?
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What is a characteristic of coxa valga?
What is a characteristic of coxa valga?
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What does the Trendelenburg sign indicate?
What does the Trendelenburg sign indicate?
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How does using a cane ipsilaterally affect the force exerted by body weight on the loaded hip?
How does using a cane ipsilaterally affect the force exerted by body weight on the loaded hip?
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Which muscles are part of the thigh's surface anatomy and have specific functions related to hip and knee movement?
Which muscles are part of the thigh's surface anatomy and have specific functions related to hip and knee movement?
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What are the knee joint conditions affecting the knee joint, leading to compression and damage in the lateral and medial compartments, respectively?
What are the knee joint conditions affecting the knee joint, leading to compression and damage in the lateral and medial compartments, respectively?
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What are the potential effects of coxa vara?
What are the potential effects of coxa vara?
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What are the distinct ranges of motion and joint characteristics involved in the lower limb's knee and ankle articulation?
What are the distinct ranges of motion and joint characteristics involved in the lower limb's knee and ankle articulation?
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What is the typical valgus angle of the anatomical axis of the knee with respect to the mechanical axis?
What is the typical valgus angle of the anatomical axis of the knee with respect to the mechanical axis?
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Which ligaments are involved in the knee flexion-extension in the sagittal plane?
Which ligaments are involved in the knee flexion-extension in the sagittal plane?
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What biomechanical model improves flexion by delaying femur-tibia contact and enhances extension?
What biomechanical model improves flexion by delaying femur-tibia contact and enhances extension?
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What is the expected behavior of the knee in terms of rotation during extension and flexion?
What is the expected behavior of the knee in terms of rotation during extension and flexion?
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What is the purpose of the screw-home rotation in the knee?
What is the purpose of the screw-home rotation in the knee?
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What joint is affected by axial and torsional deformities of the lower limb, with the patella increasing the effectiveness of quadriceps tension during extension?
What joint is affected by axial and torsional deformities of the lower limb, with the patella increasing the effectiveness of quadriceps tension during extension?
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What is the Q angle influenced by?
What is the Q angle influenced by?
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What type of joint is the ankle?
What type of joint is the ankle?
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What ligaments strain in specific movements of the ankle?
What ligaments strain in specific movements of the ankle?
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What is the primary function of the patella during extension?
What is the primary function of the patella during extension?
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What is the primary characteristic of the hip joint's bony anatomy?
What is the primary characteristic of the hip joint's bony anatomy?
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What type of joint motion does the ankle allow?
What type of joint motion does the ankle allow?
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Study Notes
Hip Joint Biomechanics and Lower Limb Articular Anatomy
- The hip joint can have a normal femoral neck angle, decreased femoral neck angle (coxa vara), or increased femoral neck angle (coxa valga).
- The anteversion angle between the neck and shaft in the coronal plane is typically 15-20 degrees anterior to the coronal plane.
- Acetabular version is typically anteverted 15 degrees and abducted laterally 45 degrees.
- The center of gravity in humans is just anterior to S2 and plays a role in hip joint extension and flexion through tilting of the pelvis.
- Biomechanically, the hip joint operates as a first-order lever, with forces from body weight and abductor muscles acting across the joint.
- Coxa valga is characterized by a lower greater trochanter (GT), reduced abductor lever arm, and increased joint reaction force.
- Coxa vara is characterized by a higher GT, increased abductor lever arm, decreased joint reaction force, and potential abductor inefficiency.
- The Trendelenburg sign indicates hip abductor muscle weakness, leading to a compensatory lateral lean of the trunk towards the painful stance limb.
- Using a cane ipsilaterally decreases the force exerted by body weight on the loaded hip, while using a cane contralaterally assists abductor muscles in providing counter-torque.
- The thigh's surface anatomy includes the sartorius, quadriceps, adductor longus, and hamstring muscles, each with specific functions related to hip and knee movement.
- The lower limb's knee and ankle articulation involve the tibiofemoral joint, patellofemoral complex, and menisci, and have distinct ranges of motion and joint characteristics.
- Genu valgum and genu varum are conditions affecting the knee joint, leading to compression and damage in the lateral and medial compartments, respectively.
Anatomy and Biomechanics of the Knee and Ankle
- The anatomical axis of the knee coincides with the diaphysis axis at a 6-7° valgus angle with respect to the mechanical axis.
- The anatomical and mechanical axis of the tibia coincide, with a 1-2° varus angle.
- The epiphyseal axis of the tibia forms a constant 90 +/- 2 degrees angle to the lateral tibial plateau.
- The knee flexion-extension occurs in the sagittal plane, involving the transepicondylar axis, ACL/PCL, MCL/LCL, and a complex muscular mechanism.
- The biomechanics of flexion/extension involve the hamstrings, quadriceps femoris, detensioning of ligaments, and limited extension by tensioning of LCA/LCP.
- The first biomechanical model, the 4 bars linkage, improves flexion by delaying femur-tibia contact and enhances extension.
- The ACL and PCL should be isometric, stiff, and not extendible throughout the entire range of motion.
- There is a movement of automatic rotation in the knee, with extension leading to external rotation and flexion to internal rotation.
- The screw-home rotation allows full knee extension and flexion by external rotation of the tibia and foot tip in the last degrees of extension.
- The patello-femoral joint is affected by axial and torsional deformities of the lower limb, with the patella increasing the effectiveness of quadriceps tension during extension.
- The Q angle, formed by the quadriceps muscle and the patellar tendon, affects the patello-femoral joint and is influenced by lower limb deformities.
- The ankle is a ginglymus joint with a talus biconcave dome and lateral ankle ligaments (ATFL, CFL, PTFL) that strain in specific movements.
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Description
Test your knowledge of hip joint biomechanics, lower limb articular anatomy, knee articulation, and ankle biomechanics with this comprehensive quiz. Explore the anatomical and biomechanical aspects of the hip, knee, and ankle joints, including angles, ranges of motion, ligaments, and muscular mechanisms.
