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Questions and Answers
What is the normal average degree of femoral anteversion in adults?
What is the normal average degree of femoral anteversion in adults?
- 20°
- 10°
- 25°
- 15° (correct)
Which structure is located on the posterior aspect of the femur and joins the trochanters?
Which structure is located on the posterior aspect of the femur and joins the trochanters?
- Femoral condyles
- Intertrochanteric crest (correct)
- Intertrochanteric line
- Pectineal line
What is the typical appearance of the gait in a child with excessive femoral anteversion?
What is the typical appearance of the gait in a child with excessive femoral anteversion?
- Toe-out gait
- Clumsy and (correct)
- Normal and balanced
Which of the following features is described as a rounded elevation on the intertrochanteric crest?
Which of the following features is described as a rounded elevation on the intertrochanteric crest?
What is the typical degree of anteversion in infants?
What is the typical degree of anteversion in infants?
Which line is associated with the vastus medialis on the posterior aspect of the femur?
Which line is associated with the vastus medialis on the posterior aspect of the femur?
What condition is often indicated by excessive femoral anteversion in children?
What condition is often indicated by excessive femoral anteversion in children?
What clinical intervention has been shown to have no difference in outcome for excessive femoral anteversion?
What clinical intervention has been shown to have no difference in outcome for excessive femoral anteversion?
What is the average angle of inclination for the femur in adults?
What is the average angle of inclination for the femur in adults?
Which condition is defined by a diminished angle of inclination in the femur?
Which condition is defined by a diminished angle of inclination in the femur?
Which part of the femur serves as the transition from the neck to the shaft?
Which part of the femur serves as the transition from the neck to the shaft?
In which age group is the angle of inclination greater than the adult normal of approximately 125°?
In which age group is the angle of inclination greater than the adult normal of approximately 125°?
What is the gender and developmental influence on the angle of inclination according to the provided content?
What is the gender and developmental influence on the angle of inclination according to the provided content?
Which of the following best describes excessive femoral anteversion?
Which of the following best describes excessive femoral anteversion?
What anatomical feature of the femur is commonly identified as the site of fractures?
What anatomical feature of the femur is commonly identified as the site of fractures?
What feature is located at the center of the femoral head that serves as an important landmark?
What feature is located at the center of the femoral head that serves as an important landmark?
What structural change indicates the need for braces during growth and development?
What structural change indicates the need for braces during growth and development?
Which ligament becomes taut during hyperextension of the hip joint?
Which ligament becomes taut during hyperextension of the hip joint?
What is the primary feature of the hip joint's shape?
What is the primary feature of the hip joint's shape?
What does excessive femoral anteversion typically lead to in terms of leg positioning?
What does excessive femoral anteversion typically lead to in terms of leg positioning?
Which aspect of femoral anatomy contains the small artery to the head of the femur?
Which aspect of femoral anatomy contains the small artery to the head of the femur?
What angle refers to the inclination of the femoral neck relative to the shaft?
What angle refers to the inclination of the femoral neck relative to the shaft?
What condition may require orthopedic surgery in a mature skeleton?
What condition may require orthopedic surgery in a mature skeleton?
What anatomical structure deepens the cup of the acetabulum?
What anatomical structure deepens the cup of the acetabulum?
Flashcards
Femur (Anterior)
Femur (Anterior)
The bone in the upper leg (thigh).
Greater Trochanter
Greater Trochanter
Large bony protrusion on the femur's lateral side.
Lesser Trochanter
Lesser Trochanter
Smaller bony protrusion on the femur's posterior and medial side.
Intertrochanteric line
Intertrochanteric line
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Femoral condyles
Femoral condyles
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Femur (Posterior)
Femur (Posterior)
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Intertrochanteric crest
Intertrochanteric crest
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Quadrate tubercle
Quadrate tubercle
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Linea aspera
Linea aspera
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Femoral Anteversion (angle)
Femoral Anteversion (angle)
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Excessive Femoral Anteversion
Excessive Femoral Anteversion
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Normal Femoral Anteversion (angle)
Normal Femoral Anteversion (angle)
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Femur
Femur
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Femur Head
Femur Head
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Femur Neck
Femur Neck
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Intertrochanteric Line
Intertrochanteric Line
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Angle of Inclination
Angle of Inclination
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Coxa Vara
Coxa Vara
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Coxa Valga
Coxa Valga
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Hip Joint Articulation
Hip Joint Articulation
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Hip Joint Shape
Hip Joint Shape
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Acetabular Labrum
Acetabular Labrum
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Transverse Acetabular Ligament
Transverse Acetabular Ligament
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Femoral Head Coverage
Femoral Head Coverage
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Fovea Capitis Femoris
Fovea Capitis Femoris
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Ligamentum Teres
Ligamentum Teres
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Iliofemoral Ligament
Iliofemoral Ligament
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Pubofemoral Ligament
Pubofemoral Ligament
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Ischiofemoral Ligament
Ischiofemoral Ligament
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Cruciate Anastomosis
Cruciate Anastomosis
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Study Notes
Lower Extremity: Femur Osteology, Blood Supply, and Hip
- The femur is the longest and heaviest bone in the body.
- Head: Projects superomedially and slightly anteriorly, with a fovea at the center.
- Neck: Attaches the head to the femoral shaft/body at the intertrochanteric line (from the anterior view).
- Shaft/Body: The distal end has condyles.
Intertrochanteric Line (anterior)
- The anterior line runs between the greater and lesser trochanter.
- The base of the femur's neck.
- Transition from the neck to the shaft.
- A common fracture site.
Angle of Inclination
- The angle between the long axis of the femoral neck/head and the long axis of the shaft.
- Normal angle: Average 125° (range 115° - 140°)
- Coxa vara: Diminished angle of inclination (<125°).
- Coxa valga: Increased angle of inclination (>125°).
- Angle of inclination varies with age, sex, and development.
- In infants/toddlers, the angle is larger than in adults, decreasing with weight-bearing.
Congenital Coxa Vara
- Excessive genu valgum (knock-knee).
- Excessive pronation (dropped medial arch) .
- Hip muscle weakness.
Femur (Anterior)
- Greater trochanter: Extends laterally.
- Lesser trochanter: Extends posteromedially.
- Intertrochanteric line: Joins the trochanters anteriorly.
- Femoral condyles (medial/lateral): Distal end.
- Patellar surface (on femoral condyles): Anterior.
- Medial and lateral epicondyles: Distal end.
- Body: Bowed slightly anteriorly.
Femur (Posterior)
- Intertrochanteric crest: Joins the trochanters posteriorly.
- Quadrate tubercle: Rounded elevation on the intertrochanteric crest.
- Gluteal tuberosity: Gluteus maximus attachment.
- Linea aspera: Lateral/medial lip
- Spiral line (vastus medialis): (see next slide)
- Pectineal line (pectineus): (see next slide)
- Supracondylar lines: Lateral and medial.
- Intercondylar fossa/notch
Hip Joint
- Articulation between the spheroidal head of the femur and acetabular socket.
- Strong and stable ball and socket joint.
- Tri-axial according to degrees of freedom.
- Acetabular labrum: Fibrocartilaginous ring that deepens the cup.
- Transverse acetabular ligament: Across acetabular notch.
Hip Joint con't
- More than half of the femoral head fits within the acetabulum.
- Fovea: Pit in the head of the femur.
- Ligamentum teres: Attaches here; contains a small artery to the head of the femur.
- Joint capsule: Extensive; from margins of acetabulum to the femur.
Hip Ligamentous Support
- Iliofemoral ligament (Y ligament): From AIIS to intertrochanteric line; strongest ligament, located anteriorly.
- Pubofemoral ligament: Anterior and inferior; from superior ramus of pubis to intertrochanteric line.
- Ischiofemoral ligament : Arise posteriorly; spirals superolaterally to the anterior femoral neck.
Blood Supply to the femoral head/neck
- Ligamentum teres: Acetabular branch of the obturator a.
- Medial circumflex femoral artery.
Fractures & Repairs of Proximal Femur
- Different types of femoral neck and intertrochanteric fractures.
- Various repair methods: Pin only or ORIF (Open Reduction Internal Fixation)
Total Hip Arthroplasty (Replacement)
- Posterior hip replacement (no sound).
- Anterior hip replacement (no sound).
Why do we care about hip ligamentous structures?
- Functional changes in patients.
- Ambulatory paraplegia.
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