Lower Extremity Bones Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which bone is referred to as the longest and strongest bone of the body?

  • Pelvis
  • Tibia
  • Fibula
  • Femur (correct)

    • What is the role of the acetabulum in the lower extremity?

  • It connects the tibia to the fibula.
  • It is where the three bones of the coxal bone unite. (correct)
  • It forms the knee joint.
  • It is the largest tarsal bone.

    • Which of the following statements about the fibula is true?

  • It helps transmit body weight to the talus.
  • It does not join the knee joint. (correct)
  • It connects to the femur.
  • It is the primary weight-bearing bone in the leg.

    • What structure limits the knee joint's range of motion?

    <p>Patella</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure acts as a cushion in the hip joint?

    <p>Acetabular labrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a part of the coxal bone?

    <p>Fibula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area does NOT contain cartilage in the hip joint?

    <p>Acetabular fossa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does body weight transmit through the foot?

    <p>From tibia to talus, then to calcaneus and metatarsals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the intercondylar notch in the knee?

    <p>Passage for cruciate ligaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is located at the distal pole of the tibia?

    <p>Medial malleolus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which joint consists of the tibiofemoral joint and the patellofemoral joint?

    <p>Knee joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament is referred to as the Lig. Transversum genus in the knee?

    <p>Transverse ligament of the knee</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the anterior intercondylar area located?

    <p>In the intercondylar notch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament of the knee plays a key role in stabilizing the knee from lateral movements?

    <p>Medial collateral ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which motion is NOT associated with the talocrural joint?

    <p>Supination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following joints allows for both supination and pronation?

    <p>Talocalcaneal joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What limits inversion at the talocalcaneal joint?

    <p>Calcaneofibular ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which arch of the foot is composed of the calcaneus, cuboid bone, and metatarsal bones 4-5?

    <p>Lateral longitudinal arch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament is also known as the 'spring ligament'?

    <p>Calcaneonavicular ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the components of the medial longitudinal arch?

    <p>Calcaneus, three cuneiform bones, metatarsal bones 1-3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which joint consists of the talonavicular joint and calcaneocuboid joint?

    <p>Transverse tarsal joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the talofibular ligaments?

    <p>Stabilize the ankle joint during inversion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the quadriceps femoris muscle?

    <p>Extension of leg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle originates from the linea aspera and has its insertion at the tuberositas tibiae?

    <p>Vastus lateralis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve innervates the rectus femoris muscle?

    <p>Femoral nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a function of the adductor longus muscle?

    <p>Extension of leg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is located laterally within the femoral triangle?

    <p>Femoral nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following muscles is part of the medial compartment of the thigh?

    <p>Gracilis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle contributes to the flexion of the thigh and lateral rotation?

    <p>Pectineus muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures pass through the adductor canal?

    <p>Femoral artery and vein, lymphoid vessels, saphenous nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the gluteus medius muscle?

    <p>Abduction of the thigh and medial rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve innervates the gluteus maximus muscle?

    <p>Inferior gluteal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is primarily responsible for tensing the iliotibial tract?

    <p>Tensor fasciae latae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following muscles is not part of the posterior hip muscles group?

    <p>Gluteus minimus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is classified under the anterior compartment of the thigh?

    <p>Iliopsoas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main actions of the obturator internus muscle?

    <p>Lateral rotation of the extended thigh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle's action is primarily to abduct the thigh and assist in medial rotation?

    <p>Gluteus minimus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following muscles is NOT innervated by the superior gluteal nerve?

    <p>Piriformis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve innervates the obturator externus muscle?

    <p>N. obturatorius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of the biceps femoris muscle's long head?

    <p>Extension of the thigh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following muscles is part of the thigh's posterior compartment?

    <p>Biceps femoris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the semimembranosus muscle insert?

    <p>Condylus medialis tibiae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle functions to support the medial longitudinal arch of the foot?

    <p>Tibialis anterior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscles are included in the pes anserinus group?

    <p>Sartorius, gracilis, semitendinosus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main nerve responsible for innervating the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg?

    <p>N. peroneus profundus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common function of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles?

    <p>Plantar flexion of the foot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary functions of the quadriceps femoris muscle?

    <p>Extension of the leg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle has its origin at the spina iliaca ant. inf.?

    <p>Rectus femoris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is innervated by the obturator nerve?

    <p>Adductor brevis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the femoral triangle, which structure is located laterally?

    <p>Sartorius muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh primarily do?

    <p>Adduct the thigh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is NOT found in the adductor canal?

    <p>Popliteal artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the primary function of the gracilis muscle?

    <p>Flexion of the thigh at the hip joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscles are primarily involved in lateral rotation of the thigh?

    <p>Pectineus and sartorius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of the gluteus maximus muscle?

    <p>Lateral rotation of the thigh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is responsible for abducting the thigh and assisting in medial rotation?

    <p>Gluteus medius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve innervates the gluteus medius muscle?

    <p>Superior gluteal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the tensor fasciae latae muscle?

    <p>Medial rotation of the thigh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the piriformis muscle?

    <p>Lateral rotation of the thigh when extended</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscles contribute to stabilizing the pelvis in the coronal plane?

    <p>Gluteus medius and gluteus minimus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is NOT supplied by the superior gluteal nerve?

    <p>Gluteus maximus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the iliopsoas muscle originate?

    <p>L1-L5 vertebrae and iliac fossa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the obturator externus muscle?

    <p>Lateral rotation of the thigh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve innervates the biceps femoris muscle's long head?

    <p>N.tibialis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the semimembranosus muscle insert?

    <p>Condylus medialis tibiae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of the extensor digitorum longus muscle?

    <p>Dorsal flexion of the foot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscles comprise the pes anserinus group?

    <p>Sartorius, Gracilis, Semitendinosus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the innervation of the tibialis anterior muscle?

    <p>N.peroneus profundus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle originates from the Tuber ischiadicum?

    <p>Semitendinosus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the gastrocnemius muscle?

    <p>Plantar flexion of the foot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the gluteus maximus muscle?

    <p>Flexion of thigh and lateral rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is innervated by the inferior gluteal nerve?

    <p>Gluteus maximus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve innervates the gluteus medius muscle?

    <p>Superior gluteal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action is primarily associated with the piriformis muscle?

    <p>Lateral rotation when thigh is extended</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following muscles is NOT involved in the abduction of the thigh?

    <p>Quadratus femoris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle primarily tenses the iliotibial tract?

    <p>Tensor fasciae latae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle has its origin at the spina iliaca anterior superior?

    <p>Sartorius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following muscles assists in both abduction and medial rotation of the thigh?

    <p>Gluteus minimus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the quadriceps femoris muscle?

    <p>Extension of the leg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is responsible for flexion of the thigh and extension of the leg?

    <p>Rectus femoris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve innervates the vastus lateralis muscle?

    <p>Femoral nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is found at the base of the femoral triangle?

    <p>Pectineus muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the order of structures in the femoral triangle from medial to lateral?

    <p>Vein, artery, nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle of the thigh is primarily responsible for adduction?

    <p>Adductor magnus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following muscles originates from the line aspera?

    <p>Adductor brevis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle contributes to both flexion of the thigh and lateral rotation?

    <p>Pectineus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the innervation of the obturator externus muscle?

    <p>N.obturatorius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is responsible for the lateral rotation of the thigh?

    <p>Obturator externus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action is performed by the long head of the biceps femoris muscle?

    <p>Extension of thigh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the semitendinosus muscle insert?

    <p>Condylus medialis tibiae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve innervates the short head of the biceps femoris muscle?

    <p>N.peroneus communis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the tibialis anterior muscle?

    <p>Dorsiflexion and inversion of the foot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is part of the posterior compartment of the leg?

    <p>Gastrocnemius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the origin of the extensor hallucis longus muscle?

    <p>Fibula and interosseous membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Lower Extremity Bones

    • The lower extremity bones provide support against gravity, allow for free movement of the thigh, knee, leg, ankle, and foot, carry body weight, and contribute to stabilization
    • The lower extremity bones include the pelvis, thigh, leg, and foot
    • The pelvis comprises two coxal bones and the sacrum
    • Each coxal bone consists of the ilium, ischium, and pubis

    Femur

    • The femur is the longest and strongest bone in the body, approximately 1/4 of the length of the body
    • The proximal pole of the femur includes the head and neck of the femur
    • The head of the femur articulates with the coxal bone, facilitating hip movement
    • The distal pole of the femur is defined by two epicondyles that support and stabilize the knee joint

    Leg

    • The leg includes the tibia and fibula
    • The tibia is located on the medial side of the leg, connecting with the femur and fibula
    • The proximal end of the tibia, known as the head, serves as the point of attachment for the quadriceps femoris muscle
    • The distal end of the tibia features the medial malleolus, a prominent projection that helps form the ankle joint

    Fibula

    • The fibula is situated on the lateral side of the leg
    • The distal end of the fibula forms the lateral malleolus, which joins the ankle joint
    • The fibula does not connect to the femur, therefore does not form part of the knee joint
    • The foot is responsible for transmitting body weight from the tibia to the talus bone, subsequently to the entire foot
    • The body weight is finally transmitted to the calcaneus bone, which forms the heel
    • The calcaneus bone, the largest tarsal bone, supports the weight distribution and facilitates walking and running

    Hip Joint (Art. Coxae)

    • The hip joint is formed by the articulation of the femur and the acetabulum of the coxal bone
    • The acetabulum is a deep socket covered by a thick cartilage layer known as the lunate face
    • The acetabular fossa, a non-cartilaginous area within the acetabulum, houses blood vessels, nerves, and fatty tissue
    • The acetabular labrum, a rim of fibrocartilage surrounding the acetabulum, acts as a cushion and helps enhance joint stability

    Knee Joint (Art. Genus)

    • The knee joint is formed by the articulation of the femur, tibia, and patella
    • The knee joint is composed of two distinct joints: the tibiofemoral joint (between the femur and tibia) and the patellofemoral joint (between the patella and femur)
    • The medial and lateral condyles of the femur articulate with the tibial plateau, forming the tibiofemoral joint
    • The intercondylar groove on the femur articulates with the posterior surface of the patella, forming the patellofemoral joint
    • The intercondylar notch of the femur acts as a passageway for the cruciate ligaments, which help maintain knee stability

    Ligaments of the Knee Joint

    • The knee joint is fortified by several ligaments, including the patellar ligament, medial and lateral retinacula, popliteal oblique ligament, popliteal arcuate ligament, medial and lateral collateral ligaments, anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments, medial and lateral menisci, and the transverse ligament of the knee

    Tibiofibular Joint (Art. Tibiofibularis)

    • The tibiofibular joint connects the tibia and fibula, enabling slight movement between the two bones

    Ankle Joint (Art. Talocruralis)

    • The ankle joint is a hinge-type joint permitting dorsal flexion (pointing toes upwards) and plantar flexion (pointing toes downwards) of the foot
    • The ankle joint is formed by the articulation of the talus bone, tibia, and fibula

    Foot Joints

    • The foot is supported by several crucial joints, including the talonavicular joint, calcaneocuboidal joint, tarsometatarsal joints, intermetatarsal joints, metatarsophalangeal joints, and the interphalangeal joints of the foot
    • These joints enable a complex range of motion, allowing for various foot movements

    Talocalcaneal Joint (Art. Subtalaris)

    • The talocalcaneal joint allows for supination (inversion and adduction) and pronation (eversion and adduction) of the foot
    • Supination is limited by ligaments such as the anterior and posterior talofibular ligaments and the calcaneofibular ligament
    • Pronation is restricted by the medial ligament

    Talocalcaneonavicular Joint (Art. Talocalcaneonavicular)

    • The talocalcaneonavicular joint connects the talus, calcaneus, and navicular bones
    • The calcaneonavicular plantar ligament, also known as the "spring ligament", strengthens the talocalcaneonavicular joint

    Arches of the Foot

    • The foot contains three arches: medial longitudinal arch, lateral longitudinal arch, and transverse arch
    • The arches provide support, shock absorption, distribute weight, and enhance flexibility

    Development of Arches of the Foot

    • The arches of the foot are not fully developed at birth but gradually develop during childhood due to the growth and strengthening of bones, ligaments, and muscles

    Ligaments of the Arches of the Foot

    • The arches of the foot are supported by a variety of ligaments, including the long plantar ligament and the short plantar ligament

    Muscles of the Thigh

    • Femoralis - Abducts, flexes, and laterally rotates the thigh; flexes and medially rotates the leg.
    • Quadriceps femoris - Extends the leg. The kicking muscle. Includes rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, and vastus intermedius.
    • Rectus Femoris - Originates at the anterior inferior iliac spine and the hip joint capsule; inserts on the tibial tuberosity. Flexes the thigh and extends the leg.
    • Vastus Lateralis - Originates at the linea aspera; inserts on the tibial tuberosity.
    • Vastus Medialis - Originates at the linea aspera; inserts on the tibial tuberosity.
    • Vastus Intermedius - Originates at the intertrochanteric line and linea aspera; inserts on the tibial tuberosity.

    Femoral Triangle

    • Superior: Inguinal ligament.
    • Lateral: Sartorius muscle.
    • Medial: Adductor longus muscle.
    • Base: Iliopsoas, pectineus, and adductor longus muscles.
    • Roof: Skin and fascia.
    • Contents (Medial to Lateral):
      • Femoral vein
      • Femoral artery
      • Femoral nerve

    Adductor Canal

    • Aponeurotic canal.
    • Anterior and Lateral: Vastus medialis muscle.
    • Posterior: Adductor longus muscle.
    • Superior: Sartorius-vasto adductor membrane.
    • Contents: Femoral artery and vein, lymphatics vessels, saphenous nerve.

    Femoral Artery

    • After exiting the adductor canal, it becomes the popliteal artery.
    • The deep femoral artery is a branch of the femoral artery.

    Muscles of the Thigh (Medial Compartment)

    • Pectineus muscle.
    • Adductor longus muscle.
    • Adductor brevis muscle.
    • Adductor magnus muscle.
    • Gracilis muscle.
    • Obturator externus muscle.

    Pectineus Muscle

    • Originates at the superior ramus of the pubis; inserts at the pectineal line.
    • Flexes the thigh and laterally rotates it.

    Adductor Longus Muscle

    • Originates at the body of the pubis; inserts at the linea aspera.
    • Adducts, flexes, and laterally rotates the thigh.

    Adductor Brevis Muscle

    • Originates at the inferior ramus of the pubis; inserts at the linea aspera.
    • Adducts, flexes, and laterally rotates the thigh.

    Gracilis Muscle

    • Originates at the inferior pubic ramus and ischial ramus; inserts at the medial aspect of the tibia.
    • Flexes the thigh at the hip joint and flexes the leg at the knee joint.

    Muscles of the Thigh (Anterior Compartment)

    • Iliopsoas muscle (iliacus and psoas major).
    • Psoas minor muscle.
    • Tensor fasciae latae muscle.
    • Sartorius muscle.
    • Quadriceps femoris muscle (rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, and vastus intermedius).

    Iliopsoas Muscle

    • Includes the iliacus and psoas major muscles.

    Tensor Fasciae Latae Muscle

    • Originates at the anterior superior iliac spine; inserts at the iliotibial tract.
    • Abducts the thigh, medially rotates it, mildly flexes the knee joint, and tenses the iliotibial tract.

    Sartorius Muscle

    • The longest muscle in the body.
    • Originates at the anterior superior iliac spine; inserts at the medial aspect of the tibia.

    Obturator Externus Muscle

    • Originates at the obturator foramen; inserts at the trochanteric fossa.
    • Laterally rotates the thigh and supports the hip joint.

    Muscles of the Thigh (Posterior Compartment)

    • Biceps femoris muscle.
    • Semitendinosus muscle.
    • Semimembranosus muscle.

    Biceps Femoris Muscle

    • Long head: Originates at the ischial tuberosity.
    • Short head: Originates at the linea aspera.
    • Insertion: Fibular head.
    • Function:
      • Long head: Extends the thigh.
      • Short head: Flexes the leg, laterally rotates it.

    Semitendinosus Muscle

    • Originates at the ischial tuberosity; inserts at the medial aspect of the tibia.
    • Extends the thigh, flexes the leg.

    Semimembranosus Muscle

    • Originates at the ischial tuberosity; inserts at the medial condyle of the tibia.
    • Extends the thigh, flexes and medially rotates the leg.

    Pes Anserinus

    • Common insertion point for the Sartorius, Gracilis, and Semitendinosus muscles.
    • Located anterior to posterior.

    Sciatic Nerve

    • L4, L5, S1, S2, S3.
    • Divides into the tibial nerve and the common peroneal nerve.

    Leg (Crus)

    • Anterior, lateral, and posterior compartments.

    Anterior Compartment

    • Tibialis anterior muscle.
    • Extensor digitorum longus muscle.
    • Extensor hallucis longus muscle.
    • Tibialis anterior artery.
    • Tibialis anterior vein.
    • Peroneus profundus nerve.

    Tibialis Anterior Muscle

    • Flexes and inverts the foot and supports the medial longitudinal arch.

    Extensor Digitorum Longus Muscle

    • Originates at the medial tibial condyle; inserts at the middle and distal phalanges of the foot.

    Extensor Hallucis Longus Muscle

    • Originates at the fibula and interosseous membrane; inserts at the distal phalanx of the big toe.
    • Extends the big toe.

    Posterior Compartment

    • Gastrocnemius muscle.
    • Soleus muscle.
    • Plantaris muscle.
    • Popliteus muscle.
    • Flexor digitorum longus muscle.
    • Flexor hallucis longus muscle.
    • Tibialis posterior muscle.
    • Tibialis posterior artery.
    • Tibialis posterior vein.
    • Tibial nerve.

    Lateral Compartment

    • Peroneus longus muscle.
    • Peroneus brevis muscle.
    • Superficial peroneal nerve.

    Obturator Internus Muscle

    • Supplied by the obturator nerve.

    Obturator Externus Muscle

    • Supplied by the obturator nerve.

    Piriformis, Gemelli Superior & Inferior, Quadratus Femoris Muscles

    • Supplied by nerves from the sacral plexus.
    • The sciatic nerve passes under the piriformis muscle and can be trapped there.

    Gluteal Muscles

    • Gluteus maximus muscle.
    • Gluteus medius muscle.
    • Gluteus minimus muscle.
    • Piriformis muscle.
    • Obturator internus muscle.
    • Gemelli superior and inferior muscles.
    • Quadratus femoris muscle.

    Gluteus Maximus Muscle

    • Originates at the iliac crest, sacrum, and coccyx; inserts at the iliotibial tract and gluteal tuberosity of the femur.
    • Flexes the thigh and laterally rotates it.

    Gluteus Medius Muscle

    • Originates at the ilium (anterior and posterior gluteal lines); inserts at the greater trochanter.
    • Abducts the thigh and medially rotates it.

    Gluteus Minimus Muscle

    • Originates at the ilium (anterior and inferior gluteal lines); inserts at the greater trochanter.
    • Abducts the thigh and medially rotates it.

    Trendelenburg Sign

    • When the hip is abducted and the pelvis is stabilized in the coronal plane, the gluteus medius muscle is responsible for preventing contralateral pelvic drop.

    Piriformis, Obturator Internus, Gemelli Superior & Inferior, Quadratus Femoris Muscles

    • Function:
      • Lateral rotation when the thigh is extended.
      • Adduction when the thigh is flexed.
      • Support the head of the femur.

    Trendelenburg Sign

    • To identify if the gluteus medius muscle is weak.

    Lower Extremity Muscles

    • Fascia glutea: Gluteal Fascia
    • Fascia lata: Fascia covering the thigh
    • Gluteal Muscles: Group of muscles located in the buttock area, responsible for extending the hip, rotating the thigh, and stabilizing the pelvis

      Gluteal Muscles

      • Gluteus maximus: Largest muscle of the body, responsible for the extension of the hip, lateral rotation of the thigh, and helps stabilize the pelvis
        • Origin: Iliac crest, sacrum, coccyx
        • Insertion: Iliotibial tract, Gluteal tuberosity of femur
        • Nerve Supply: Inferior gluteal nerve
      • Gluteus medius: Abducts the thigh, rotates the thigh medially, and helps to stabilize during walking
        • Origin: Ilium (between gluteal anterior and posterior lines)
        • Insertion: Greater trochanter
        • Nerve Supply: Superior gluteal nerve (L5, S1)
      • Gluteus minimus: Abduction and medial rotation of thigh
        • Origin: Ilium (Between gluteal anterior and inferior lines)
        • Insertion: Greater trochanter
        • Nerve Supply: Superior gluteal nerve (L5, S1)
      • Piriformis: Responsible for lateral rotation of hip when extended and adduction when flexed
        • Nerve Supply: Comes from the sacral plexus
        • Sciatic nerve can be trapped below piriformis muscle
      • Obturator internus: Lateral rotation of thigh, supports hip joint
        • Nerve Supply: Obturator Nerve
      • Gemelli superior and inferior muscles: Lateral rotation of thigh
        • Nerve Supply: Comes from the sacral plexus
      • Quadratus femoris muscle: Lateral rotation of thigh
        • Nerve Supply: Comes from the sacral plexus

    Trendelenburg Sign

    • Trendelenburg sign: Indicates weakness of the gluteus medius muscle
      • Happens during abduction of the hip and the pelvis leans to the opposite side
    • Gluteus medius helps to stabilize the pelvis in the coronal plane

    Obturator Externus Muscle

    • Lateral rotation of thigh, supports hip joint
    • Nerve Supply: Obturator nerve

    Muscles of the Thigh

    • Anterior Compartment: Flexes the hip, extends the knee, and assists with abduction and medial rotation of the thigh

      Anterior Compartment Muscles

      • Iliopsoas muscle: Combines the iliacus and psoas major muscles
        • Powerful hip flexor
      • Psoas Minor muscle: Assists in hip flexion
      • Tensor fasciae latae: Abduction, medial rotation and flexion of thigh, also tenses the iliotibial tract
        • Origin: Anterior superior iliac spine
        • Insertion: Iliotibial tract
        • Nerve Supply: Superior gluteal nerve
      • Sartorius: Longest muscle of the body, flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates the thigh, and flexes and medially rotates the leg
        • Origin: Anterior superior iliac spine
        • Insertion: Medial tibia
        • Nerve Supply: Femoral Nerve
      • Quadriceps femoris: Powerful knee extensor, important for walking, running and jumping
        • Origin: Rectus femoris (anterior inferior iliac spine), vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius (linea aspera)
        • Insertion: Tibial tuberosity
        • Nerve Supply: Femoral nerve (L2, L3, L4)

    • Medial Compartment: Adduction of thigh, flexion of thigh, lateral rotation of thigh

      Medial Compartment Muscles

      • Pectineus: Flexes and laterally rotates the thigh
      • Origin: Superior ramus of the pubis bone
      • Insertion: Pectineal line
      • Nerve Supply: Femoral Nerve
      • Adductor longus: Adducts, flexes, and laterally rotates the thigh
      • Origin: Body of the pubis
      • Insertion: Linea aspera
      • Nerve Supply: Obturator nerve
      • Adductor brevis: Adducts, flexes, and laterally rotates the thigh
      • Origin: Inferior ramus of the pubis
      • Insertion: Linea aspera
      • Nerve Supply: Obturator nerve
      • Adductor magnus: Adductor of the thigh, also assists in flexion, and extension
      • Nerve Supply: Obturator nerve (anterior fibers), tibial nerve (posterior)
      • Gracilis: Flexes the thigh at the hip joint and flexes the leg at the knee joint
      • Origin: Inferior pubic ramus and the ischial ramus
      • Insertion: Medial superior tibia
      • Nerve Supply: Obturator nerve
      • Obturator externus: Lateral rotation of the thigh, supports the hip joint
      • Origin: Obturator foramen
      • Insertion: Trochanteric fossa
      • Nerve Supply: Obturator nerve (L3, L4)

    • Posterior Compartment: Extends the thigh and flexes the leg, also rotates the thigh

      Posterior Compartment Muscles

      • Biceps femoris: Extends thigh, flexes leg and laterally rotates the leg
        • Origin: Long head (ischial tuberosity), Short head (Linea aspera)
        • Insertion: Fibular head
        • Nerve Supply: Tibial nerve (long head) and Common peroneal nerve (short head)
      • Semitendinosus: Extends the thigh, flexes the leg
        • Origin: Ischial tuberosity
        • Insertion: Medial tibia
        • Nerve Supply: Tibial nerve
      • Semimembranosus: Extends the thigh and flexes and medially rotates the leg
        • Origin: Ischial tuberosity
        • Insertion: Medial condyle of the tibia
        • Nerve Supply: Tibial nerve

    Femoral Triangle

    • Femoral triangle: Space in the thigh that contains the femoral nerve, artery, and vein
      • Superior: Inguinal ligament
      • Lateral: Sartorius muscle
      • Medial: Adductor longus muscle
      • Base: Iliopsoas, pectineus, and adductor longus muscles
      • Roof: Skin and fascia
    • Structures in Femoral Triangle
      • Medial to Lateral: Femoral vein, Femoral artery, Femoral nerve

    Adductor Canal

    • Adductor Canal: A narrow passageway within the thigh, located between the vastus medialis muscle and the adductor longus muscle
      • Superior: Sartorius and vasto-adductor membrane
      • Structures within: Femoral artery and vein, lymphatic vessels, and saphenous nerve

    Femoral Artery

    • After leaving the adductor canal, femoral artery becomes the popliteal artery
    • Deep femoral artery: Branch of the femoral artery

    Muscles of the Leg (Crus)

    • Anterior Compartment: Dorsiflexes the foot, inverts the foot, and supports the medial longitudinal arch ### Anterior Compartment Muscles
      • Tibialis anterior: Dorsiflexes and inverts the foot, and supports the medial longitudinal arch
        • Nerve Supply: Deep peroneal nerve
      • Extensor digitorum longus: Extends all toes
        • Nerve Supply: Deep peroneal nerve
      • Extensor hallucis longus: Extends the big toe
        • Nerve Supply: Deep peroneal nerve
    • Lateral Compartment: Evert the foot, assists some with plantarflexion

      Lateral Compartment Muscles

      • Peroneus longus: Everts the foot, also assists in plantarflexion
        • Nerve Supply: Superficial peroneal nerve
      • Peroneus brevis: Everts the foot
        • Nerve Supply: Superficial peroneal nerve
    • Posterior Compartment: Plantarflexes the foot, flexes the toes, and inverts the foot, also assists with the stability of the ankle joint

      Posterior Compartment Muscles

      • Gastrocnemius: Plantarflexes the foot, flexes the knee bi-articular muscle.
        • Nerve Supply: Tibial nerve
      • Soleus: Plantarflexes the foot
        • Nerve Supply: Tibial nerve
      • Plantaris: Plantarflexes the foot, assists in hip flexion
        • Nerve Supply: Tibial nerve
      • Popliteus: Helps to unlock the knee joint
        • Nerve Supply: Tibial nerve
      • Flexor digitorum longus: Flexes the toes
        • Nerve Supply: Tibial nerve
      • Flexor hallucis longus: Flexes the big toe
        • Nerve Supply: Tibial nerve
      • Tibialis posterior: Inverts the foot
        • Nerve Supply: Tibial nerve

    Pes Anserine (Goose's Foot)

    • Pes Anserine (Goose's Foot): Located on the medial aspect of the knee, a common insertion point for three muscles
      • Anterior to Posterior: Sartorius, Gracilis, Semitendinosus

    Sciatic Nerve

    • Sciatic Nerve: Large nerve that originates in the sacral plexus (L4, L5, S1, S2, S3), runs through the posterior thigh and divides into the tibial nerve and common peroneal nerve

    Lower Extremity Muscles

    • Fascia Glutea: Covers the gluteal muscles
    • Fascia Lata: Covers the thigh muscles

    Gluteal Muscles

    • Gluteus Maximus:
      • Origin: Crest of ilium, sacrum, coccyx
      • Insertion: Iliotibial tract, gluteal tuberosity of femur
      • Function: Flexion of thigh, lateral rotation
      • Innervation: Inferior gluteal nerve
    • Gluteus Medius:
      • Origin: Ilium (anterior and posterior gluteal lines)
      • Insertion: Greater trochanter
      • Function: Abduction of thigh, medial rotation
      • Innervation: Superior gluteal nerve (L5, S1)
    • Gluteus Minimus:
      • Origin: Ilium (anterior and inferior gluteal lines)
      • Insertion: Greater trochanter
      • Function: Abduction of thigh, medial rotation
      • Innervation: Superior gluteal nerve (L5, S1)
    • Piriformis Muscle:
      • Function: Lateral rotation when thigh is extended, adduction when thigh is flexed
      • Supports the head of the femur
    • Obturator Internus Muscle:
      • Innervation: Obturator nerve
    • Gemelli Muscles (Superior and Inferior):
      • Function: Lateral rotation when thigh is extended, adduction when thigh is flexed
      • Supports the head of the femur
    • Quadratus Femoris Muscle:
      • Function: Lateral rotation when thigh is extended, adduction when thigh is flexed
      • Supports the head of the femur
    • Trendelenburg Sign: Occurs when the gluteus medius is weak, causing the pelvis to tilt downwards on the unsupported side during hip abduction.

    Muscles of the Thigh - Anterior Compartment

    • Iliopsoas Muscle:
      • Consists of the iliacus and psoas major muscles
      • Function: Flexion of the hip
      • Innervation: Femoral nerve
    • Psoas Minor Muscle: Assists in hip flexion
    • Tensor Fasciae Latae Muscle:
      • Origin: Anterior superior iliac spine
      • Insertion: Iliotibial tract
      • Function: Abduction of thigh, medial rotation, mild flexion at the knee, tenses the iliotibial tract
      • Innervation: Superior gluteal nerve
    • Sartorius Muscle: The longest muscle in the body
      • Origin: Anterior superior iliac spine
      • Insertion: Medial aspect of tibia
      • Function: Abduction, flexion and lateral rotation of thigh, flexion and medial rotation of leg
      • Innervation: Femoral nerve
    • Quadriceps Femoris Muscle:
      • Consists of: rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius
      • Function: Extension of the leg
      • Innervation: Femoral nerve (L2-L4)
    • Rectus Femoris:
      • Origin: Anterior inferior iliac spine, hip joint capsule
      • Insertion: Tibial tuberosity
      • Function: Flexion of the thigh, extension of the leg
      • Innervation: Femoral nerve
    • Vastus Lateralis:
      • Origin: Linea aspera (lateral lip)
      • Insertion: Tibial tuberosity
      • Function: Extension of the leg
      • Innervation: Femoral nerve
    • Vastus Medialis:
      • Origin: Linea aspera (medial lip)
      • Insertion: Tibial tuberosity
      • Function: Extension of the leg
      • Innervation: Femoral nerve
    • Vastus Intermedius:
      • Origin: Intertrochanteric line, linea aspera
      • Insertion: Tibial tuberosity
      • Function: Extension of the leg
      • Innervation: Femoral nerve

    Femoral Triangle

    • Boundaries:
      • Superior: Inguinal ligament
      • Lateral: Sartorius muscle
      • Medial: Adductor longus muscle
    • Contents (from medial to lateral):
      • Femoral vein
      • Femoral artery
      • Femoral nerve
      • Base: Iliopsoas, pectineus, and adductor longus muscles
      • Roof: Skin and fascia

    Adductor Canal

    • Boundaries:
      • Anterior and lateral: Vastus medialis
      • Posterior: Adductor longus
      • Superior: Sartorius-vasto-adductor membrane
    • Contents: Femoral artery and vein, lymphatic vessels, saphenous nerve

    Femoral Artery

    • After leaving the adductor canal, it becomes the popliteal artery
    • Deep femoral artery is a branch of the femoral artery

    Muscles of the Thigh - Medial Compartment

    • Pectineus Muscle:
      • Origin: Superior ramus of pubis
      • Insertion: Pectineal line
      • Function: Flexion of the thigh and lateral rotation
      • Innervation: Femoral nerve
    • Adductor Longus Muscle:
      • Origin: Body of pubis
      • Insertion: Linea aspera
      • Function: Adduction, flexion, and lateral rotation of the thigh
      • Innervation: Obturator nerve
    • Adductor Brevis Muscle:
      • Origin: Inferior ramus of pubis
      • Insertion: Linea aspera
      • Function: Adduction, flexion, and lateral rotation of the thigh
      • Innervation: Obturator nerve
    • Adductor Magnus Muscle:
      • Origin: Ischium
      • Insertion: Linea aspera, adductor tubercle
      • Function: Adduction, extension (posterior part), flexion (anterior part), lateral rotation
      • Innervation: Obturator nerve (anterior portion), sciatic nerve (posterior portion)
    • Gracilis Muscle:
      • Origin: Inferior ramus of pubis and ischium
      • Insertion: Medial aspect of tibia
      • Function: Flexion of thigh at the hip joint, flexion of leg at the knee joint
      • Innervation: Obturator nerve

    Obturator Externus Muscle

    • Origin: Obturator foramen
    • Insertion: Fossa trochanterica
    • Function: Lateral rotation of the thigh, supports the hip joint
    • Innervation: Obturator nerve (L3-L4)

    Muscles of the Thigh - Posterior Compartment

    • Biceps Femoris Muscle:
      • Origin:
        • Long head: Ischial tuberosity
        • Short head: Linea aspera
      • Insertion: Head of fibula
      • Function:
        • Long head: Extension of the thigh
        • Short head: Flexion of the leg and lateral rotation
      • Innervation:
        • Long head: Tibial nerve
        • Short head: Common peroneal nerve
    • Semitendinosus Muscle:
      • Origin: Ischial tuberosity
      • Insertion: Medial aspect of tibia
      • Function: Extension of the thigh, flexion of the leg
      • Innervation: Tibial nerve
    • Semimembranosus Muscle:
      • Origin: Ischial tuberosity
      • Insertion: Medial condyle of tibia
      • Function: Extension of the thigh, flexion and medial rotation of the leg
      • Innervation: Tibial nerve

    Pes Anserineus ("Goose's Foot")

    • Common insertion point for the sartorius, gracilis, and semitendinosus muscles
      • Located anterior to posterior, respectively

    Sciatic Nerve

    • (N. Ischiadicus): L4-L5, S1-S3
    • Branches into tibial nerve and common peroneal nerve

    Leg (Crus) - Anterior Compartment

    • Tibialis Anterior Muscle:
      • Function: Dorsiflexion, inversion of foot, supports the medial longitudinal arch
      • Innervation: Deep peroneal nerve
    • Extensor Digitorum Longus Muscle:
      • Origin: Medial condyle of tibia
      • Insertion: Middle and distal phalanges of toes 2-5
      • Function: Dorsiflexion of the foot, extension of the toes
      • Innervation: Deep peroneal nerve
    • Extensor Hallucis Longus Muscle:
      • Origin: Fibula and interosseous membrane
      • Insertion: Distal phalanx of the big toe
      • Function: Extension of the big toe
      • Innervation: Deep peroneal nerve

    Leg (Crus) - Posterior Compartment

    • Gastrocnemius Muscle:
      • Origin: Medial and lateral condyles of femur
      • Insertion: Calcaneus (via Achilles tendon)
      • Function: Plantar flexion of the foot, flexion of the knee
      • Innervation: Tibial nerve
    • Soleus Muscle:
      • Origin: Fibula and posterior surface of tibia
      • Insertion: Calcaneus (via Achilles tendon)
      • Function: Plantar flexion of the foot
      • Innervation: Tibial nerve
    • Plantaris Muscle:
      • Origin: Lateral condyle of femur
      • Insertion: Calcaneus (via Achilles tendon)
      • Function: Plantar flexion of the foot, flexion of the knee
      • Innervation: Tibial nerve
    • Popliteus Muscle:
      • Origin: Lateral condyle of femur
      • Insertion: Posterior aspect of tibia
      • Function: Unlocks the knee joint, rotates the tibia medially
      • Innervation: Tibial nerve
    • Flexor Digitorum Longus Muscle:
      • Origin: Posterior surface of tibia
      • Insertion: Distal phalanges of toes 2-5
      • Function: Plantar flexion of the foot, flexion of the toes
      • Innervation: Tibial nerve
    • Flexor Hallucis Longus Muscle:
      • Origin: Posterior surface of fibula
      • Insertion: Distal phalanx of the big toe
      • Function: Plantar flexion of the foot, flexion of the big toe
      • Innervation: Tibial nerve
    • Tibialis Posterior Muscle:
      • Origin: Posterior surface of tibia and fibula
      • Insertion: Tarsal and metatarsal bones
      • Function: Plantar flexion, inversion of the foot, supports the medial longitudinal arch
      • Innervation: Tibial nerve

    Leg (Crus) - Lateral Compartment

    • Peroneus Longus Muscle:
      • Origin: Fibula
      • Insertion: Medial cuneiform and first metatarsal
      • Function: Plantar flexion, eversion of the foot, supports the lateral longitudinal arch
      • Innervation: Superficial peroneal nerve
    • Peroneus Brevis Muscle:
      • Origin: Fibula
      • Insertion: Base of the fifth metatarsal
      • Function: Plantar flexion, eversion of the foot
      • Innervation: Superficial peroneal nerve

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the lower extremity bones, including the pelvis, femur, tibia, and fibula. This quiz will cover their structures, functions, and relationships with other body parts. Perfect for students in anatomy or physical education.

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