Louis II and Ottoman Invasions

• Louis II (1516–1526) was the King of Hungary and Bohemia, during whose reign the king's power declined.
• The higher nobility had significant political influence during Louis II's reign.
• Borders were weakened, leading to danger from the Ottoman Empire.

Ottoman Invasions and the Division of Hungary

• 1526: The Ottoman Empire attacked the Kingdom of Hungary.
• August 29, 1526: The Hungarian army was defeated at the Battle of Mohács, and Louis II drowned in the Danube River while fleeing.
• The Hungarian throne became vacant after Louis II's death.
• The Ottomans occupied a large part of the Kingdom of Hungary for 150 years, with South Slovakia becoming an Ottoman border.
• Ferdinand I (1526–1564) claimed the vacant throne, based on agreements that the Habsburgs would take the throne if the Jagiello dynasty died out.
• Ferdinand I was the brother of Charles V, the Spanish king and Holy Roman Emperor.
• By the end of 1526, part of the nobility elected Ferdinand I as the Hungarian King.
• John Zapolya, the duke of the Principality of Transylvania, was a rival claimant to the Hungarian throne.
• Zapolya did not assist Louis II at the Battle of Mohács.
• Zapolya gained agreements with Sultan Suleyman and was also elected King of Hungary in November 1526.
• The Kingdom of Hungary had two kings, leading to disagreements and fights that the Ottomans exploited to attack the Kingdom.
• The Ottomans conquered and occupied a large part of Hungary, reaching Vienna.
• 1530: Ottoman forces devastated areas of Považie, Ponitrie, and Pohronie, abducting approximately 40,000 prisoners.
• 1538: The Peace of Oradea divided the Kingdom of Hungary between Ferdinand I and John Zapolya.
• Ferdinand I received the western part of the Kingdom of Hungary including Slovakia and parts of Croatia.
• John Zapolya gained the Principality of Transylvania and North-Eastern Hungary.
• 1540/41: The Ottomans conquered another large part of Hungary, including Buda, creating the Budin Eyalet/Pashalik of Buda.

Ottoman Administration and Impact

• The Ottomans established their administration with counties called sandžaks, headed by Begs, in Esztergom, Fiľakovo, Sečiance and Novohrad.
• Villages unwilling to pay taxes faced 'punishment expeditions' by the Ottomans, resulting in the burning of villages and the abduction of villagers.
• The Kingdom of Hungary was divided into three parts: the Hungarian Kingdom under Ferdinand I, the Principality of Transylvania under John Zapolya, and the Budin Eyalet as an Ottoman province.
• After the Ottoman capture of Buda, Bratislava became the capital of the Hungarian part of the Monarchy in 1536, serving as the coronation city until 1830.
• The most important Hungarian offices were located in Bratislava.
• Ferdinand I tried to centralise his monarchy, which was opposed by the nobility.
• Trnava became the new home for the Esztergom archbishopric.
• Present-day Slovakia became the wall against the Ottomans.
• 1547: The Peace treaty of Edirne with the Ottomans required a ransom of 30,000 golden coins per year.
• New castles were built in Komárno, Nové Zámky, and Leopoldov, while old castles and fortresses were restored in Zvolen, Levice, Vígľaš and Muráň.

Continued Border Conflicts and Ottoman Offensive

• Despite the peace treaty, the Turkish-Slovak border remained strained with double taxation, slavery and skirmishes.
• 1663: The Ottomans launched a major offensive, leading to a new war.
• Nové Zámky fell to the Ottomans, allowing them free passage into Hungarian territory, and a new province, Nové Zámky eyalet, was created.
• Some people in this new eyalet supported the Ottomans, believing cooperation was beneficial.
• 1663: Imperial units and divisions from allies in Germany arrived in Trencin and Nitra Counties.
• May 1664: Turkish forces were expelled from Levice and Nitra.
• The Peace of Vasvar stipulated that Nové Zámky would remain in Ottoman hands.
• The construction of Leopoldov was approved by the Turks.
• Negotiations without Hungarian representatives caused dissatisfaction among the Hungarian nobility.

Expulsion of the Ottoman Empire

• 1683: In cooperation with Thokoly's insurrection, the Ottoman Empire launched a large offensive on Vienna.
• Polish King John Sobieski helped the Christian forces, leading to a defeat of the Turks, marking the beginning of the end of Turkish rule in Hungary.
• Troops led by Charles of Lorraine retook Nové Zámky in 1684 and Buda one year later.
• 1697: Imperial General Eugene of Savoy defeated the Turks at the Battle of Zenta.
• 1699: The Treaty of Karlowitz recognized the imperial army's acquisitions and expelled the Turks from Hungary.

The Reformation

• The Reformation sought to change the current state of the Church.
• Main Goals: Adherence to ethical Christian principles and removal of the Church’s secular power.
• It began in Germany, which was politically and economically split.
• The Catholic Church owned 1/3 of all land in Germany and it raised payments and sold indulgences to raise money to finish building of St. Peter's Cathedral.
• Martin Luther, an Augustinian monk, posted 95 theses in 1517 (October 31) on the church door in Wittenberg.
• Before 1526, the Reformation spread in towns and among the nobility.
• In the early 1520s, the Evangelical Reformation began to penetrate Slovakia when merchants from Germany brought the news about Luther and books.
• Fights between Ferdinand I and John Zapolya, the war with the Ottoman Empire, and general chaos helped the quick spread of the reformation.
• The Catholic Church and its hierarchy were weakened.
• The fall of many monasteries happened when landlords took their possessions.
• Teachers and some priests in the towns were carriers of the ideas of the Reformation.
• In 1555 at the Diet in Augsburg, Protestants and Catholics agreed on religious peace on the institute of Cuius regio, eius religion ("whose realm, their religion").
• In Slovakia - a moderate form of Luther’s teaching and Calvinism in the South
• Ottomans didn’t oppose the spreading of the Reformation and Ferdinand I had to accept the requests from the protestant nobility because they were helping him in the war against the Ottomans.

Sects and Counter-Reformation

• The spread of Reformation led to the creation of several Sects, including Anabaptists (Habans).
• Andrew Fischer in Levoča called for a thorough reform of both Church and society.
• Catholics and Protestants were both against these radical sects.
• The Confessio Pentapolitana, Confessio Heptapolitana, and Confessio Scepusiana were written to diversify themselves from the Catholics and to clear themselves of the suspicion of siding with Anabaptists.
• 1545 – 1563 - Council of Trident by Pope Paul III.
• Goal: Return of the unity of Catholic Church, end of religious disputes, General reform of the Church and Liberation of Christians from the oppression of unbelievers
• Outcomes: The teachings of Martin Luther were condemned.
• Reforms were made to curb the selling of indulgences.
• Recognition of the pope's highest authority.
• Emphasis on the education of priests / episcopal seminaries.
• Strengthening the influence and authority of the Catholic Church.
• Final split of the original unity Catholic church, the emergence of Protestant churches.
• 1545 – 1563 – Council of Trident: members of the Hungarian catholic hierarchy pushed for acceptance of the marriage of priests and introduction of reception in both ways
• Ferdinand I. supported that as well.
• Pope allowed reception in both ways but disagreed with mariages of the priests.
• Later the reception in both ways was canceled as it lost its purpose.
• 1604, 1608 – guaranteed religious freedom and strengthening of the position of, Protestants gained the support of both Hungarian palatines: Stephen Illeshazy and George Thurzo.
• 1610 – synod in Žilina + 1614 – synod in Spišské Podhradie.
• At the end of the 16th century economic and political power as well as armed force were added to missionary and educational activities as effective means of implementing re-Catholization in the Kingdom of Hungary.

Key Figures in Religious and Cultural Life

• Nicholas Olah, Archbishop of Esztergom, supported tolerance in church, education, schools, and book-printing.
• Nicholas Olah invited Jesuits into Trnava in 1561.
• Peter Pazmany carried on with his work and became the Archbishop in 1616.
• In 1635 Pazmany established the univerzity of Trnava and in 1657 – University in KE.
• Protestants – established College in Prešov 1667.
• Recatolisation was strongly enforced during the insurgences (stavovských povstaní).
• 1681 – Congress of Sopron /Leopold I (Called this as he was afraid of the success of Thokoly´s insurgence.
• Reconciliation of the Hungarian estates with the ruling dynasty opened the way to strengthen its influence on domestic events

Consolidation of Power and the Pragmatic Sanction

• The Pragmatic Sanction by Charles III (1711-1740) WHICH WAS ACCEPTED BY HUNGARIAN DIET.
• Accordingly, the estates gave up the right to question the succession to the throne of Hungary, it claimed the indivisibility of the Monarchy, and succession through a woman line as well.
• The Habsburgs were rolled back from Western Europe, and their attention began to be aimed at the Holy Roman Empire and the Ottoman Empire.
• The hard-won agreement of the European powers with the validity of the Pragmatic Sanction lost its meaning after the death of Charles III in 1740 when Prussia doubted the succession of Maria Theresia

The Enlightenment and Enlightened Absolutism

• The enlightenment brought new ideas on how to rule several European Monarchies and dominant demands from the thinkers to have more freedom, abolishment of absolutism and its change to Parliamentarism
• Several monarchies (Kingdom of Hungary, Russia, Prussia) tried to apply so-called Enlightened Absolutism
• Maria Theresa born in 1717 as the eldest daughter of Charles III (VI). of the Habsburg dynasty
• 1741 - in BA crowned for Uh. queen + 1745 - husband was Francis Stephen of Lorraine (Tuscan Grand Duke) - emperor, raised 16 children together
• She was fluent in Latin, Spanish, Italian, french, german + She was very practical and energetic + SHE SOUGHT TO STRENGTHEN the MONARCHY BY The dynastic marriages
• Its goal was the centralisation and the modernization of the monarchy through reforms + She died in Vienna in 1780

Wars and Succession

• Maria Theresa ascended the Hungarian throne in 1740 after the death of her father Charles III.
• The throne of Austria was claimed by Bavaria, Spain, Prussia and Saxony – SHE had to fight for HER position
• 1740 – 1748 The War for Austrian Succession (Austria + Great Britain + part of Hungarian nobility against Prussia and France)
• Prussian King – FriEdrich II. took Silesia
• She lost Silesia but accomplished acceptation of Pragmatic Sanction
• 1756 – 1763 Seven years war (Austria + France + Russia + Saxony + Sweden against Prussia and France)
• Main war for Colonies between France and the Kingdom of Great Britain
• Great Britain came victorious – But Prussia managed to keep Silesia – 1763 – Paris Peace Treaty where she accepted it

Reforms of Maria Theresa

• Most Important reforms: Army, Agriculture, Education, Healthcare, Establishing of Manufactures and Modernisation of industry
• Uniform modernization, training and tactics of Army
• Establishment of the Military Academy in Vienna + Building a strong army according to the Prussian model, especially artillery
• Growing of new crops and fodder in Agriculture (tobacco, potatoes, corn, clover, alfalfa, beans, beets, flax, hemp....)
• Establishment of new horse, cattle and sheep farms + Regulations on the protection of forests and the cultivation of fast - growing trees + Establishment of the first economic associations
• 1767 Teresian Urbar – duties of the serf towards the landowners was determined
• Established the exact number of hours serfs had to work provided
• School reform of 1777, Ratio educationis,- it established unified school system – ontained the study and disciplinary rules, standards for physical, intellectual and moral education
• It introduced compulsory school attendance for children from 6 to 12 years
• Reform of healthcare: Health care reorganization, pharmacy supervision, regulation control, hygiene
• Renewal of Mining and its Modernization, Development of Mining Technology
• Development of the domestic production: Shoemakers, tailors, weavers, hatters.

Joseph II and Later Developments

• Part of reforms pursued administrative changes. + He ordered to change Latin to German as an official language.
• The country system of Hungary was replaced by the division of Hungary into 10 districts. + He ordered to levy the taxes on the nobility.
• Joseph II is buried in tomb in Vienna.
• The uprising of Francis II Rakoczy coincided with the last great plague epidemic (1710-1711(
• There were approximately 1.8 million inhabitants of Slovakia in 1770
• The movement of population was not an uncontrolled, but an organized process, by which landlords endeavoured to colonize their newly acquired properties
• A result of the migration of the Slovaks, numerous and compact Slovak settlements arose in southern Hungary.
• Townspeople remained a small and not very politically important group in the population, although the territory of Slovakia had the greatest concentration of urban places in Hungary
• The territory of Slovakia acquired specific importance: Maintaining of the output of the mines of central Slovakia had extraordinary importance for the economy of whole Monarchy.
• Pressure for increased incomes from agriculture led to growing tension in the countryside.
• The domestic production, especially of cloth, was also supported. The first mass-producing factory was the textile factory at Banska Bystrica, founded in 1725.
• New factories could not be established after 1771 without royal permission Companies, even with importance for the whole Monarchy, could be opened and maintained only in some branche textile factories in Halic and Sastin or luxury goods.

Mining and Culture in the 18th Century

• Technical inventions helped to solve the problem of underground water and opened deeper deposits.
• The production of precious metals reached its historic maximum - 868,000 kg of silver and 24,650 kg of gold in the period of 1748 -1800
• A breakdown of orthodoxy influenced both the Catholic and non-Catholic environment lead to a search for the renewal of internally experienced religion.
• Since the 1770s Rococo was slowly replaced by Classicism.
• The nobility began to build splendid palaces in towns and country mansions surrounded by parks.
• In 1776, there was the permanent city theatre established in Bratislava and later in other towns and at spas
• Jacob Bogdan, a court painter of English King, William III, or John Kupecky, a portraitist working in Nuremberg.
• Trnava University was reformed and lectures of natural sciences were added to study in the Faculty of Philosophy.
• Matthias Bel, who devoted himself to preparing the first general work on Hungary (Notitia Hungariae novae historico-geografica)