Podcast
Questions and Answers
Non-sequitur refers to presenting sequences that do not logically follow from each other.
Non-sequitur refers to presenting sequences that do not logically follow from each other.
True
A false dichotomy presents arguments with an unlimited number of choices.
A false dichotomy presents arguments with an unlimited number of choices.
False
Drawing parallels between two situations is always a valid analogy.
Drawing parallels between two situations is always a valid analogy.
False
The analogy of the earth's atmosphere being compared to a blanket is an example of weak analogy.
The analogy of the earth's atmosphere being compared to a blanket is an example of weak analogy.
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A false dichotomy can be exemplified by the statement, 'You are either my friend or my enemy.'
A false dichotomy can be exemplified by the statement, 'You are either my friend or my enemy.'
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The concept of a false/weak analogy involves a justified comparison between two unrelated scenarios.
The concept of a false/weak analogy involves a justified comparison between two unrelated scenarios.
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The phrase 'building up like steam under pressure' is an example of a valid analogy.
The phrase 'building up like steam under pressure' is an example of a valid analogy.
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Non-sequitur arguments are characterized by a clear and logical progression.
Non-sequitur arguments are characterized by a clear and logical progression.
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A deductive argument is valid if its conclusion must follow from its premises.
A deductive argument is valid if its conclusion must follow from its premises.
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Validity and soundness are the same concepts in deductive reasoning.
Validity and soundness are the same concepts in deductive reasoning.
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An argument can be valid even if one or more of its premises are false.
An argument can be valid even if one or more of its premises are false.
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If all premises of an argument are true, the conclusion must be false.
If all premises of an argument are true, the conclusion must be false.
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A sound argument guarantees the truth of the conclusion.
A sound argument guarantees the truth of the conclusion.
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You must verify the premises of an argument before determining its validity.
You must verify the premises of an argument before determining its validity.
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An invalid argument can still be considered sound.
An invalid argument can still be considered sound.
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In deductive reasoning, a valid argument is sufficient to prove an argument's quality.
In deductive reasoning, a valid argument is sufficient to prove an argument's quality.
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A well-constructed longer argument consists of premises and conclusions.
A well-constructed longer argument consists of premises and conclusions.
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Each premise in an argument should be supported by a different type of reasoning.
Each premise in an argument should be supported by a different type of reasoning.
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An interim conclusion is a conclusion drawn from the main argument.
An interim conclusion is a conclusion drawn from the main argument.
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The quality of presented arguments should not be discussed during team analysis.
The quality of presented arguments should not be discussed during team analysis.
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Relevant information should be highlighted during the analysis of texts.
Relevant information should be highlighted during the analysis of texts.
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All premises in an argument must lead to the same conclusion.
All premises in an argument must lead to the same conclusion.
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A fallacy can enhance the strength of an argument.
A fallacy can enhance the strength of an argument.
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Interim conclusions can independently support the overall conclusion.
Interim conclusions can independently support the overall conclusion.
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Grouping similar reasons into a set of reasons is not necessary in argument construction.
Grouping similar reasons into a set of reasons is not necessary in argument construction.
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Emails are considered proper channels for discussing argument structures in a team.
Emails are considered proper channels for discussing argument structures in a team.
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Vioxx was effective in reducing the risk of heart attacks in the tested animals.
Vioxx was effective in reducing the risk of heart attacks in the tested animals.
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The consumer research involved a total of 531 responses.
The consumer research involved a total of 531 responses.
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The African green monkeys tested for Vioxx are known to experience cardiovascular problems.
The African green monkeys tested for Vioxx are known to experience cardiovascular problems.
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It is important to evaluate whether the source material is recent and reliable.
It is important to evaluate whether the source material is recent and reliable.
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Consumer polls were conducted over several days and times to gather varied responses.
Consumer polls were conducted over several days and times to gather varied responses.
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Authenticity of evidence is an important factor to consider when critically evaluating material.
Authenticity of evidence is an important factor to consider when critically evaluating material.
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It is estimated that about 200,000 people suffered heart attacks due to Vioxx.
It is estimated that about 200,000 people suffered heart attacks due to Vioxx.
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Establishing the popularity of a DIY supermarket was the aim of the consumer research.
Establishing the popularity of a DIY supermarket was the aim of the consumer research.
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Practice materials are available on Moodle.
Practice materials are available on Moodle.
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The CRAAP worksheet is intended for evaluating source credibility.
The CRAAP worksheet is intended for evaluating source credibility.
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Debate practice is excluded from the session topics.
Debate practice is excluded from the session topics.
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Checking for real or fake news involves group discussions.
Checking for real or fake news involves group discussions.
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Fallacies and faulty arguments are not addressed in the course.
Fallacies and faulty arguments are not addressed in the course.
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An example of a fallacy is the appeal to questionable authority.
An example of a fallacy is the appeal to questionable authority.
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Research on pro/con topics is discouraged before debates.
Research on pro/con topics is discouraged before debates.
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The course content does not include how to spot fake news.
The course content does not include how to spot fake news.
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Ad hominem fallacy involves attacking opponents on personal terms rather than reasons.
Ad hominem fallacy involves attacking opponents on personal terms rather than reasons.
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The passage demonstrates sound reasoning by providing clear evidence for its claims.
The passage demonstrates sound reasoning by providing clear evidence for its claims.
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Misrepresenting a person's argument involves focusing on irrelevant characteristics.
Misrepresenting a person's argument involves focusing on irrelevant characteristics.
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A false dichotomy presents more than two options to resolve a problem.
A false dichotomy presents more than two options to resolve a problem.
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The argument in favor of curfews claims there are only two options: do nothing or enforce curfews.
The argument in favor of curfews claims there are only two options: do nothing or enforce curfews.
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Emotive language in an argument enhances its logical appeal.
Emotive language in an argument enhances its logical appeal.
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The discussion of curfews exemplifies misrepresentation by ignoring the main opposing arguments.
The discussion of curfews exemplifies misrepresentation by ignoring the main opposing arguments.
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Complicity in the audience refers to engaging them actively in evaluating arguments.
Complicity in the audience refers to engaging them actively in evaluating arguments.
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Study Notes
Critical Approach - Session 2: Analyzing the Quality of Arguments
- Reality can be complex, leading to seemingly contradictory observations from different perspectives.
- The session focuses on analyzing the quality of arguments.
Lesson Overview (Afternoon Classes)
- Lesson 1: Review of terminology and content from previous session, including argument quality and practice exercises.
- Lesson 2: Discusses fallacies related to the quality of arguments. Covers logical reasoning, deductive reasoning, and validity along with practice exercises.
- Lesson 3: Defining and understanding research.
- Lesson 4: Optional practice exercises.
Lesson Goals – Session 2
- Assess argument structure and quality.
- Identify additional argument features.
- Define key terms related to arguments and fallacies.
- Explain deductive and inductive reasoning.
- Explain research terms and concepts.
- Evaluate relevant sources for research.
Revision – Arguments: Some Key Terms
- Overall Argument: End point of reasoning, often aligned with author's point of view.
- Contributing Arguments: Points of view supported by reasoning.
- Conclusion: A declarative statement presented as an argument and believed to be true (though may not be so in reality.)
- Line of Reasoning: Logical order of reasons and evidence to support author's position.
- Position: A point of view, often supported by reasoning.
- Proposition: Statement presented as an argument, asserted to be true.
Revision: Typical Features of an Argument
- Author's Position/Point of View: Usually reflected in the conclusion, based on their assumptions.
- Premises/Propositions/Arguments/Reasons: Statements believed to be true and presented as supporting a point.
- Line of Reasoning: The logical order of the premises and how they lead to a conclusion.
- Conclusion: Usually reflects the author's point of view; intended to persuade.
- Use of Indicators/Signal Words: Words such as 'therefore', 'accordingly' that signal the conclusion.
Revision Exercise: A Proper Argument?
- Students should discuss whether the provided example is a proper argument based on structure.
- A reminder: Disagreeing with an argument doesn't mean it's flawed structurally.
Arguments: Explicit/Implicit, Denoted/Connoted
- Explicit: Arguments with clear structure and lines of reasoning.
- Implicit: Arguments lacking a clear structure, often hidden or subtle.
Denoted and Connoted Meaning
- Denoted Meaning: Literal meaning of a word or phrase.
- Connoted Meaning: Associated meaning or implied meaning.
Logical Fallacies and Fallacious Arguments
- Fallacies are errors in reasoning that weaken an argument.
- Fallacies can be illegitimate arguments or irrelevant points.
- Lacking supporting evidence.
- Avoid fallacies in your own arguments and watch for them in others.
Fallacies: Errors in Reasoning
- Fallacies are false or unsound arguments.
- Fallacy examples include: Non Sequitur, False Dilemma, Weak Analogy, Castle of Cards, Slippery Slope, Attacking the Person, Generalization, Misrepresentation, Straw Man, Appeal to Questionable Authority, False Premise, Ad Hominem, and others.
Non-Sequitur
- Presenting sequences of ideas that do not logically follow on from one another.
- Often, an illogical connection between ideas.
False Dichotomy / False Dilemma
- Presenting a limited number of options (usually just two) when there are more.
- Commonly phrased "either/or".
False/Weak Analogy
- Drawing parallels between two similar situations.
- The comparison has to be justified and have merited similarities
Castle of Cards
- An argument built on a shaky foundation.
- Removing one element causes the whole to collapse
Slippery Slope
- Arguing that one event will inevitably lead to a series of increasingly negative events.
Ad Hominem
- Attacking the person making the argument instead of the argument itself.
- Using emotional language not related to the argument.
(Hasty) Generalizations
- Drawing conclusions based on insufficient evidence.
- Making broad statements based on few examples.
Red Herring
- Deliberately distracting from the main issue.
- Avoiding the central question at hand.
Straw Person
- Misrepresenting an opponent's argument to make it easier to attack.
- Creating a weaker version of the argument to critique.
Common Opinion/Ad Populum
- Claiming something is true because many people believe it.
Appeals to Questionable Authority
- Using a person or source with no relevant credentials/expertise as an authority figure.
Critical Reading Practice Exercise
- Read and analyze texts A and B provided.
- Highlight relevant details, take notes.
- Discuss the quality of arguments within your team, considering any fallacies.
Critical Reading Practice Exercise
- Evaluate the authenticity and validity of the source material by examining the currency, relevance, authority, accuracy, and purpose of the source.
- Identify potential distortions, biases, and weaknesses of the evidence.
- Utilize CRAAP worksheet to assess the information critically.
Inductive and Deductive Reasoning & Research
- Inductive Reasoning: Specific to general.
- Deductive Reasoning: General to specific.
- Theory: Explanation of observed events.
- Hypothesis: Testable statement based on a theory.
- Pattern: Repeatable trend or regularity in observation
Deductive Reasoning & Validity
- A deductive argument's conclusion should follow logically from the premises.
- A valid argument ensures if its premises are true, the conclusion must be true.
- Validity ≠ good; Soundness requires both valid reasoning AND true premises for a conclusion to be sound.
Inductive Reasoning: Purpose & Strength
- Inductive arguments are judged strong or weak.
- Considerations for inductive arguments include: accuracy of the data/premises, whether the sample size is adequate, and any potential bias.
Manipulated Images: What to Do
- Reverse image searches can verify the authenticity of pictures.
Manipulated Celebrity Voices
- Technology can be utilized for altering or making a faux celebrity voice.
Practice Exercises
- Various exercises, including identifying fallacies and analyzing argument structure.
- Use provided materials in the Moodle folder
Interim/Intermediate Conclusions
- Define interim conclusions as a summary statement that connects the previous ideas before making a final one.
Practice Session
- In-class session devoted to practical application of concepts.
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Description
Test your understanding of logical fallacies and argument structures with this quiz. Explore concepts like non-sequitur, false dichotomy, and the validity of analogies. Perfect for students studying introductory logic and critical thinking.
