Fallacies in Argumentation

Questions and Answers

What does the fallacy of Composition assume?

What is true for the whole is true for its parts.

Causes and effects are directly related.

What is true for a part is true for the whole. (correct)

A belief is valid if widely accepted.

Which fallacy involves attacking the person instead of addressing their argument?

Begging the Question

Ad Hominem (correct)

Framing

Cause-and-effect

What does Confirmation Bias refer to?

The tendency to favor information that confirms one's existing beliefs. (correct)

The acceptance of only information that contradicts one's beliefs.

Judging personalities based solely on actions.

Focusing solely on certain aspects while ignoring others.

Which fallacy uses threats or force to convince someone to accept an argument?

Appeal to Force Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Framing' refer to in cognitive biases?

Focusing on a specific aspect while ignoring others. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes Hindsight bias?

Viewing past events as easier to predict than they were. Signup and view all the answers

What does the fallacy of Division claim?

What is true of the whole is true for its parts. Signup and view all the answers

Which fallacy argues that a belief is valid simply because it is widely held?

Appeal to Popular Signup and view all the answers

What is the main concept behind Cultural Bias in analysis?

Judging based on one’s own cultural standards. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Bias' generally refer to?

A tendency to favor one side over another. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Fallacies

Ad Hominem: Attacks the individual rather than the argument presented, undermining the discussion.
Appeal to Force: Relies on threats or coercion to convince others of a viewpoint, rather than presenting logical reasons.
Appeal to Emotion: Manipulates emotions such as pity or sympathy instead of using rational arguments to persuade.
Appeal to Popularity: Assumes a claim is true simply because many people believe it, disregarding evidence.
Appeal to Tradition: Justifies actions or beliefs solely based on historical precedence instead of current validity.
Begging the Question: Involves circular reasoning where the conclusion is included in the premise without proof.
Cause-and-Effect Fallacy: Incorrectly assumes a cause-and-effect relationship between unrelated events.
Fallacy of Composition: Claims that what's true for a part must also be true for the whole, which can lead to false conclusions.
Fallacy of Division: Argues that what is true for the whole must also be true for its individual parts, often misleading.

Biases

Correspondence Bias (Attribution Effect): Tendency to evaluate someone's character based on their actions while ignoring external factors that affect their behavior.
Confirmation Bias: Focuses on evidence that supports existing beliefs while dismissing contradictory information.
Framing: Highlights specific elements of an issue to influence conclusions, while downplaying other important aspects.
Hindsight Bias: The inclination to believe that past events were predictable, creating a false sense of foresight.
Conflict of Interest: Occurs when an individual or group has a personal stake in the outcome of an issue, potentially tainting objectivity.
Cultural Bias: Reviews events or situations through the lens of one's own cultural norms, potentially leading to skewed interpretations.

Terminology in Human Studies

Man: A general term representing the entire human race.
Human: Refers specifically to the species Homo sapiens sapiens, the modern form of human being.
Human Being: Distinguishes humans from other animals, emphasizing our complexities.
Person: An intricate term, often used to denote a human being recognized for certain rights and qualities.
Personhood: The state or quality of being recognized as a person, often tied to rights and responsibilities.
Human Nature: Describes inherent traits that separate humans from other species, focusing on behaviors and instincts.
Self-awareness: Awareness and understanding of oneself, encompassing thoughts, emotions, and motivations.
Rationality: Refers to the capacity to think logically, forming deeper human awareness and decision-making.
Inferiority: Can stem from introspection, focusing on a person's internal identity and self-value.
Self-determination: The ability of individuals to make independent choices based on their preferences.
Free Will: The power to act based on one’s own decisions without coercion.
Consequence: The outcome or effect that results from an action or condition, forming an essential part of decision-making analysis.

Description

This quiz explores various types of fallacies used in arguments, such as Ad Hominem, Appeal to Emotion, and Begging the Question. Understanding these fallacies is crucial for analyzing and constructing valid arguments. Test your knowledge on the key concepts and examples related to logical fallacies.