Logging in Secure Coding

Logging

• Logging is the collection and storing of data over a time period for analysis, used to gain insights, resolve bugs, and detect problems in an application.
• Simplest form of logging is using console.log to log data to the command line for debugging.

Importance of Logging

• Debugging: document steps leading up to an error
• Security Audits: detect and log suspicious activities or important events

What to Log

• Timestamp or log entry
• Timing data for the request
• Request endpoint data (e.g. paths: "/users" or verbs: GET, POST, PUT, DELETE)
• IP of the requesting party
• Exceptions

How to Log

• Manually write code to log required info to console, file, or database
• Use libraries like Morgan, Winson, or Log4JS

Morgan Library

• HTTP request logger middleware for Node.js
• Simplifies logging requests to an application
• Can be installed using npm install morgan --save
• Import with var morgan = require('morgan')

Using Morgan

• Create a new Morgan logger middleware function using format and options
• Format argument can be a string of a predefined name, a string of a format string, or a function that produces a log entry
• Tokens can be used to customize log format

Morgan Pre-defined Tokens

• :date - current date and time in UTC
• :http-version - HTTP version of the request
• :method - HTTP method of the request
• :referrer - Referrer header of the request
• :remote-addr - remote address (IP) of the request
• :remote-user - user authenticated as part of Basic auth for the request
• :req[header] - given header of the request
• :res[header] - given header of the response
• :response-time - time between request and response headers being written (in milliseconds)
• :status - status code of the response
• :total-time - time between request and response being written (in milliseconds)
• :url - URL of the request
• :user-agent - User-Agent header of the request

Predefined Log Formats

• combined - Apache standard combined format
• common - Apache standard common format
• dev - color-coded log format by request status
• short - shorter than default format
• tiny - even shorter, just response time and a few items

Creating Custom Tokens

• morgan.token('myToken', function(req, res) { ... return ...; })
• Custom token name and function that returns value representing token output in log

Applying Custom Token

• app.use(morgan(':myToken :method :url :date'));
• Apply and test the code to observe output in console

Applying Logging to File

• Use fs library to create a file stream and apply it to Morgan
• var fs = require('fs');
• const appLogStream = fs.createWriteStream(path.join(__dirname, 'app.log'), { flags: 'a' })
• app.use(morgan("combined", { stream: appLogStream }));

Log File Rotation

• Log file can grow to a large size, need to create multiple log files (e.g. one each day)
• Use rotating-file-stream module
• npm install rotating-file-stream --save
• var rfs = require('rotating-file-stream');
• Create a rotating write stream
• var appLogStream = rfs.createStream('access.log', { interval: '1d', // rotate daily path: path.join(__dirname, 'log') // write to a subdir log })
• app.use(morgan("combined", { stream: appLogStream }));

This quiz covers the concepts of logging in secure coding, including collecting and storing data for analysis, debugging, and security audits.