Introduction to the Locomotor Apparatus
65 Questions
9 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of bones according to the study of osteology?

  • Protection of internal organs
  • Storage of minerals
  • Support the weight of the body
  • All of the above (correct)

    • What type of bones is the scapula classified as?

  • Long bone
  • Flat bone (correct)
  • Short bone
  • Sesamoid bone

    • What is the name of the bone in the forelimb region that connects to the carpal bones?

  • Ulna
  • Radius
  • Humerus
  • A and B (correct)

    • What is the function of sesamoid bones?

    <p>To provide a smooth surface for tendons to slide over</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bones is classified as a short bone?

    <p>Carpal bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the study of bones?

    <p>Osteology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of movement involves decreasing the angle between limb segments?

    <p>Flexion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the movement of a limb away from the median plane?

    <p>Abduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of joint is characterized by articular surfaces that fit well together?

    <p>Congruent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the movement of the forearm in a way that the radius and ulna cross each other?

    <p>Pronation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of joint is classified as the most versatile, allowing for all ranges of movement?

    <p>Spheroidal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint movement involves the sliding of two surfaces on each other?

    <p>Gliding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the physeal growth plate in young animals?

    <p>Between the diaphysis and epiphysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the law that describes how bones get remodeled in response to stress?

    <p>Wolf's law</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the study of joints?

    <p>Arthrology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of non-articular prominences?

    <p>To act as attachment sites for muscles and passages of vessels and nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the joint capsule in a synovial joint?

    <p>Providing strength and resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of meniscus in a synovial joint?

    <p>To allow articular surfaces to fit together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of cartilaginous joints?

    <p>Limited movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of ligaments in a synovial joint?

    <p>To provide strength and resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of synovial joints?

    <p>Full movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of muscles attach to bones via tendons in the locomotor system?

    <p>Skeletal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of a synovial bursa?

    <p>To protect a tendon from a bony surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a band that holds down a tendon to a bone?

    <p>Retinaculum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of a synovial tendon sheath?

    <p>To facilitate gliding of a tendon between a retinaculum and bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for fibrous leaves that envelop and isolate muscle groups?

    <p>Fasciae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the joint capsule in a synovial joint?

    <p>To produce synovial fluid and provide strength and resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of connective tissue unites the articular surfaces of bones in fibrous joints?

    <p>Strong connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of synovial joints?

    <p>Full movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of tissue forms the ligaments in a synovial joint?

    <p>Bands of tough fibrous connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of synovial joint movement involves the circumscribing of a cone shape?

    <p>Circumduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of synovial joint is classified as the least versatile, allowing only for flexion and extension?

    <p>Hinge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the movement of a limb towards the median plane?

    <p>Adduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of a synovial joint that has more than two articulating bones?

    <p>Compound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of long bones?

    <p>They have at least 3 centers of ossification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of bony prominences?

    <p>To serve as attachment sites for muscles and vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What region of the forelimb includes the radius and ulna?

    <p>Antebrachium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint is characterized by a space between the bones that is filled with fluid?

    <p>Synovial joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the distal attachment of a muscle?

    <p>It is the point moved by muscle contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term that refers to the study of muscles?

    <p>Myology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of an aponeurosis?

    <p>It is a flat, sheet-like tendon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the humerus, radius, and ulna in the forelimb region?

    <p>To support the weight of the body and facilitate movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of flat bones, such as the scapula?

    <p>They are thin and plate-like in shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of joints, such as the shoulder or hip, that have a single bone articulating with a cavity in another bone?

    <p>Synovial joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site for fractures, infections, metastasis, and effects of endocrine bone disorders in long bones?

    <p>Physeal growth plate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joints are characterized by strong connective tissue uniting the articular surfaces of bones, resulting in limited or no movement?

    <p>Fibrous joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a tendon in the locomotor system?

    <p>To attach muscle to bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures produce synovial fluid in a synovial joint?

    <p>Joint capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of tendon allows a muscle to have a broader attachment?

    <p>Aponeurosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of connective tissue unites the articular surfaces of bones in cartilaginous joints?

    <p>Cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of ligaments are the cruciate ligaments of the knee joint?

    <p>Intracapsular ligaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of superficial fascia?

    <p>To attach skin to underlying muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of synovial joint is classified as having two articulating bones?

    <p>Simple joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of synovial joint is classified as having articular surfaces that do not fit well together?

    <p>Incongruent joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the movement of a limb that involves the rotation of the limb on its axis?

    <p>Medial/lateral rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of synovial joint movement involves the movement of the limb in a cone shape?

    <p>Circumduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bones are found in the carpus and metacarpus regions?

    <p>Short bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What region of the forelimb includes the scapula?

    <p>Scapular region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bones are the vertebrae?

    <p>Irregular bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of tendons in the muscle-bone system?

    <p>To transmit muscular forces and provide extra leverage to the muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint is classified as compound, meaning it involves more than two bones?

    <p>Humeroradioulnar joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint movement involves the increase of the angle between limb segments?

    <p>Extension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint is classified as simple, meaning it involves only two bones?

    <p>Glenohumeral joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint is characterized by cartilage uniting the articular surfaces of bones?

    <p>Cartilaginous joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the proximal attachment of a muscle also known as?

    <p>Tendon of origin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Osteology

    • The study of bones
    • Primary functions of bones:
      • Support the weight of the body
      • Movement in concert with joints and muscles
      • Protection of internal organs
      • Growth
      • Storage of minerals (e.g., Ca2+ and P+)
      • Storage of fat → marrow
      • Blood cell formation (hematopoiesis) → marrow
    • Forelimb region and bones:
      • Scapular region → Scapula
      • Brachium → Humerus
      • Antebrachium → Radius and Ulna
      • Manus = Front paw, includes:
        • Carpus → carpal bones
        • Metacarpus → metacarpal bones
        • Digits → Phalanges & sesamoids
    • Types of bones according to shape:
      • Flat bone: scapula
      • Long bones: humerus, radius, ulna
      • Short bones: carpal bones
      • Sesamoids = special type of short bones within tendons
      • Irregular bones: vertebrae

    Long Bones

    • Gross anatomy:
      • At least 3 centers of ossification
      • Diaphysis = bone shaft → medullary cavity (contains yellow marrow)
      • Epiphysis = end regions of bone
      • Physeal growth plate: located between epiphyses and diaphysis in young animals; comprised of cartilage cells
    • Growth plate relevance:
      • Primary site for fractures, infections, metastasis, and effects of endocrine bone disorders
    • Bony prominences:
      • Non-articular prominences: attachment sites for muscles; passages of vessels and nerves, etc.
      • Articular prominences: make up joints (e.g., glenoid cavity)

    Arthrology

    • The study of joints
    • A joint is the point of contact, or articulation, between two or more bones/cartilages
    • Provides support and movement to the skeleton
    • Not all joints are moveable!
    • Structural classification of joints:
      • Fibrous joints: strong connective tissue unites articular surfaces of bones
      • Cartilaginous joints: cartilage unites articular surfaces of bones
      • Synovial joints: joint cavity between articular surfaces of bones filled with synovial fluid

    Synovial Joints

    • Articular surfaces: protected by articular cartilage enclosed within a fluid-filled joint cavity
    • Joint capsule:
      • Produces synovial fluid
      • Highly vascularized and innervated
      • Provides strength and resistance
      • For lubrication and nutrition of the articular cartilages
    • Accessory structures of synovial joints:
      • Ligaments (lig.): bands of tough fibrous connective tissue
      • Meniscus (pl.menisci): fibrocartilages located within a synovial cavity; allow articular surfaces to fit together

    Myology

    • The study of muscles
    • Locomotor System (Apparatus) = bones + joints (PASSIVE components) + muscles (ACTIVE component)
    • Importance: lameness can be caused by muscle/tendon damage, not just bone or joint pathology
    • Skeletal muscles attach to bones via tendons
    • PROXIMAL Tendon of origin (proximal attachment) – Usually fixed point
    • Muscle head or belly – the part that contracts
    • Tendon of insertion (distal attachment) – Usually point moved by muscle contraction
    • Aponeurosis: a flat, sheet-like tendon; allows muscle to have a broader attachment
    • Accessory structures of muscles:
      • Synovial bursa: synovial fluid-filled "balloon" protecting a tendon from a bony surface
      • Tendon Retinaculum: fibrous band holding down tendon(s) to a bone
      • Synovial tendon sheath: synovial fluid-filled "sleeve" completely surrounding a tendon (like a sock) easing its gliding between a retinaculum and bone

    Basic Synovial Joint Movements

    • Gliding / Sliding of two surfaces on each other
    • Angular motions:
      • Flexion: decreasing angle between limb segments
      • Extension: increasing angle between limb segments
      • Abduction: moving away from median plane
      • Adduction: moving towards median plane
      • Circumduction: movement circumscribing a cone shape
      • Medial/Lateral Rotation: "rolling pin movement on the axis of limb
      • Pronation vs. supination of forearm (antebrachium)

    Sesamoid Bones

    • Found in the tendons of origin or insertion of certain muscles or in a muscle

    • Can develop as a response to strain or as a normal occurrence

    • Functions:

      • Provide a smooth surface for tendons to slide over, preventing friction of the associated tendon
      • Act as a fulcrum providing extra leverage to the muscle, enhancing the tendon's ability to transmit muscular forces
      • Displace the axis of force by altering the direction of tension in the muscle tendon### Osteology

    • Osteology is the study of bones

    • Primary functions of bones: • Support the weight of the body • Movement in concert with joints and muscles • Protection of internal organs • Growth • Storage of minerals (e.g., Ca2+ and P+) • Storage of fat → marrow • Blood cell formation (hematopoiesis) → marrow

    Bones and Regions

    • Forelimb region: • Scapular region → scapula • Brachium → humerus • Antebrachium → radius and ulna • Manus → front paw (carpus, metacarpus, digits, phalanges, and sesamoids)
    • Types of bones according to shape: • Flat bones (e.g., scapula) • Long bones (e.g., humerus, radius, ulna) • Short bones (e.g., carpal bones) • Sesamoid bones (special type of short bones within tendons) • Irregular bones (e.g., vertebrae)

    Long Bones

    • Gross anatomy: • Diaphysis (bone shaft) → medullary cavity (contains yellow marrow) • Epiphysis (end regions of bone) • Physeal growth plate (located between epiphyses and diaphysis in young animals; comprised of cartilage cells)
    • Bony prominences: • Non-articular prominences (attachment sites for muscles; passages of vessels and nerves, etc.) • Articular prominences (make up joints)

    Arthrology

    • Arthrology is the study of joints
    • Joint classification: • By number of articulating bones:
      • Simple (between 2 bones)
      • Compound (more than 2 bones) • By how well the bones fit together:
      • Congruent (articular surfaces fit well together)
      • Incongruent (articular surfaces do not fit well together) • By shape & permitted motions around the joint:
      • Hinge (least versatile, flexion and extension only)
      • Spheroidal (ball & socket, most versatile, all range of movements)
      • Others (condylar, ellipsoidal, etc.)

    Synovial Joints

    • General characteristics: • Joint cavity between articular surfaces of bones filled with synovial fluid • Full movement
    • Accessory structures of synovial joints: • Ligaments (bands of tough fibrous connective tissue) • Meniscus (fibrocartilages located within a synovial cavity)
    • Anatomy of a synovial joint: • Articular surfaces protected by articular cartilage enclosed within a fluid-filled joint cavity • Joint capsule (produces synovial fluid, highly vascularized and innervated, provides strength and resistance)

    Myology

    • Myology is the study of muscles
    • Importance: lameness can be caused by muscle/tendon damage, not just bone or joint pathology
    • Skeletal muscles attach to bones via tendons
    • Proximal tendon of origin (proximal attachment) – usually fixed point
    • Muscle head or belly – the part that contracts
    • Tendon of insertion (distal attachment) – usually point moved by muscle contraction

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Introduction to the Locomotor Apparatus PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the basics of osteology, including bones and regions, types of bones, and anatomy of long bones. It also touches on arthrology, myology, and the primary functions of bones.

    More Like This

    Osteology: The Study of Bones in Biology
    15 questions

    Osteology: The Study of Bones in Biology

    AccomplishedBixbite avatar
    AccomplishedBixbite
    Anatomy of the Human Skeleton
    16 questions

    Anatomy of the Human Skeleton

    SalutaryEinstein avatar
    SalutaryEinstein
    Bones Anatomy and Composition
    6 questions

    Bones Anatomy and Composition

    TenderHill avatar
    TenderHill
    Upper Limb Bones Anatomy
    34 questions

    Upper Limb Bones Anatomy

    DignifiedRadon avatar
    DignifiedRadon
    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser