Anatomy of the Human Skeleton

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Questions and Answers

What is the main function of the skeleton in the body?

To form a framework that supports the body and allows for normal movement at specialized areas, such as joints

What is the difference between the exo-skeleton and endo-skeleton?

Exo-skeleton is externally on the surface of the body, found in invertebrates, whereas endo-skeleton is embedded in soft tissues, within the body, found in higher vertebrates

What is the role of bones in protecting internal organs?

Bones protect some deeper soft tissues structures, such as the brain, heart, and lungs

What is the composition of dried bone?

A 2:1 ratio of organic and inorganic matter, with organic matter consisting of bone collagen or ossein, and inorganic matter consisting of mineral salts Signup and view all the answers

What are the chemical properties of bone?

Bone composition in 100 parts of ox bone is: Gelatin (33.30), Phosphate of lime (57.35), Carbonate of lime (3.85), Phosphate of magnesia (2.05), and Carbonate and chloride of sodium (3.45) Signup and view all the answers

What are the physical properties of bone?

Fresh dead bone has a yellowish-white color, becomes white when macerated or boiled and bleached, has a specific gravity of 1.9, is very hard, and has a compressive strength of about 20,000 pounds per square inch Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of bones in storing minerals?

Bones act as a mineral storehouse, storing minerals such as calcium and phosphorus Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of bones in hematopoiesis?

Bones are hemopoietic organs, responsible for producing red blood cells, hemoglobin, granular white cells, and platelets Signup and view all the answers

What is the tensile strength of bones in pounds per square inch?

15,000 Signup and view all the answers

What are the three primary divisions of the skeletal system?

Axial skeleton, Appendicular skeleton, and Heterotopic or Visceral skeleton Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of compact bone?

Dense, white, and hard Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the periosteum?

Outer covering of bone consisting of fibrous tissue Signup and view all the answers

What type of bone is found in the epiphyses of long bones?

Cancellated or Spongy bone Signup and view all the answers

What is the main source of blood cells in the body?

Marrow cavity Signup and view all the answers

What is the Haversian system?

A concentric arrangement of bone tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a heterotopic bone?

Os cordis in the heart of cattle Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

General Osteology

The skeleton can be divided into three parts: axial skeleton, appendicular skeleton, and heterotopic or splanchnic or visceral skeleton.
Axial skeleton comprises the vertebral column, ribs, sternum, and skull.
Appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the fore and hind limbs.
Heterotopic or splanchnic or visceral skeleton consists of bones developed inside the viscera or soft organs.

Types of Bones

Compact bone is dense, white, and hard, forming the outer shell of bone, and is found in areas where there is greatest strain.
Cancellated or Spongy bone is made up of delicate plates, intercoms, and forms a meshwork with spaces containing marrow.
Spongy bone is found in the epiphyses of long bones and is always covered by a layer of compact bone.

Structure of Bone

Periosteum is the outer covering of bone consisting of fibrous tissue.
Endosteum is the inner covering of the bone consisting of thin fibrous connective tissue.
Diaphysis is the body of the bone consisting of compact bone and the marrow cavity.
Marrow cavity is present in the shaft of bones and contains marrow, which is the main source of blood cells.
Epiphysis consists of Spongy bone and is found at both proximal and distal ends.

Functions of Skeleton

The skeleton provides support to the body by forming a framework, allowing normal movement only at specialized areas.
It protects some deeper soft tissues structures, such as the brain and heart.
It serves as a mineral storehouse, storing calcium and phosphorus.
It is a hemopoietic organ, producing RBC, hemoglobin, granular white cells, and platelets.
It provides levers with muscle and tendon attachment for locomotion.

Chemical and Physical Properties of Bones

Dried bone consists of a 2:1 ratio of organic and inorganic matter.
Organic matter is made up of protein called bone collagen or ossein.
Inorganic matter is mainly composed of mineral salts.
The composition of ox bone is: gelatin (33.30), phosphate of lime (57.35), carbonate of lime (3.85), phosphate of magnesia (2.05), and carbonate and chloride of sodium (3.45).
Fresh bone has a yellowish-white color, which turns white when macerated or boiled and bleached.
The specific gravity of fresh bone is 1.9.
Bone is very hard and resistant to pressure, with a compressive strength of about 20,000 pounds per square inch.
The tensile strength of bone is 15,000 pounds per square inch.

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Description

This quiz covers the basics of human osteology, including the classification of the skeleton into axial, appendicular, and visceral parts. Test your knowledge of the bones and their functions!