Local Hormones and Inflammation
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Questions and Answers

What is the role of histamine in acute inflammation?

  • Histamine stimulates the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines
  • Histamine reduces pain sensation in inflamed areas
  • Histamine promotes vasodilation and increases vascular permeability (correct)
  • Histamine inhibits the release of inflammatory mediators
  • What are the major side effects of H1 and H2 receptor antagonists?

  • Muscle weakness and visual disturbances
  • Hypertension and tachycardia
  • Respiratory depression and bradycardia
  • Gastrointestinal disturbances and drowsiness (correct)
  • What are eicosanoids?

  • Receptors responsible for leukotriene synthesis
  • Transport proteins for histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine
  • Signaling molecules derived from arachidonic acid with diverse physiological effects (correct)
  • Enzymes involved in the breakdown of prostaglandins
  • What is the main effect of aspirin on gastric cytoprotection?

    <p>Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis leading to reduced protection of the stomach lining</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pharmacological mechanism of action of NSAIDs like ibuprofen?

    <p>Inhibition of cyclooxygenase enzymes to reduce prostaglandin synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main isoforms of the enzyme responsible for the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostanoids?

    <p>COX-1 and COX-2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for the synthesis of prostanoids from arachidonic acid?

    <p>Cyclooxygenase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells specialize in producing PGD2, a type of eicosanoid?

    <p>Mast cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which eicosanoid receptor subtype mediates the effects of prostaglandins?

    <p>G-protein-coupled receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which eicosanoid is responsible for bronchoconstriction, increased airway oedema, and secretion of thick mucus?

    <p>Leukotrienes (LTC4, LTD4, LTE4)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leukotriene receptor antagonist blocks the receptor for cysteinyl leukotrienes (LTC4, LTD4, LTE4)?

    <p>Montelukast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are signs of inflammation?

    <p>Warmth, redness, pain, swelling, and loss of function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of histamine in acute inflammation?

    <p>Promoting vasodilation and increased permeability of post-capillary venules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the physiological effects of H1 and H2 receptor activation by histamine?

    <p>Vasodilation, increased permeability of post-capillary venules, increased heart rate, and contraction of non-vascular smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) or serotonin in inflammation?

    <p>Promoting inflammation and stimulating mast cell adhesion and migration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the key roles of local hormones in inflammation?

    <p>Orchestrating the complex responses of inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of anti-inflammatory drugs?

    <p>To manage inflammation by reducing its severity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can chronic inflammation lead to?

    <p>Severe tissue damage such as atherosclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the sources of histamine production?

    <p>Mast cells, basophils, neurons, and histaminergic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the specific therapeutic roles of H1 antagonists?

    <p>Treating acute inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) or serotonin in platelet aggregation?

    <p>Promoting platelet aggregation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of inflammation?

    <p>To protect the body from infection and injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is involved in the formation of leukotrienes?

    <p>Lipoxygenases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of H1 and H2 receptor antagonists in clinical practice?

    <p>To block the action of histamine in allergic reactions and gastric acid secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of drugs inhibits the action of cyclooxygenases?

    <p>NSAIDs (Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the major enzymatic pathways leading to the formation of prostaglandins and leukotrienes derived from?

    <p>Arachidonic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of eicosanoids in inflammation?

    <p>Regulation of inflammatory responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of aspirin on gastric cytoprotection?

    <p>Reduction of gastric acid secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compound is involved in promoting tissue repair during inflammation?

    <p>Prostanoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the clinical utility of H2 receptor antagonists?

    <p>Treatment of gastric ulcers and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in inflammation?

    <p>Modulation of vascular tone and smooth muscle contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Inflammation and its Mediators

    • Inflammation is the body's response to invasion by pathogens and allergens, as well as injury from heat, ultraviolet, and chemicals.
    • The signs of inflammation include warmth, redness, pain, swelling, and loss of function.
    • Chronic inflammation can lead to severe tissue damage such as atherosclerosis.
    • Anti-inflammatory drugs are commonly prescribed to manage inflammation.
    • The timescale of events in inflammation spans from injury to resolution and repair, with mediator release, microvascular actions, and cell accumulation and activation.
    • Local hormones, also known as chemical mediators, play a key role in orchestrating the complex responses of inflammation.
    • Histamine is a crucial chemical mediator produced in response to various stimuli, released from mast cells, basophils, neurons, and histaminergic cells.
    • Histamine receptors, including H1 and H2 receptors, produce physiological effects by activating second messenger systems.
    • Stimulation of H1 and H2 receptors by histamine leads to actions such as vasodilation, increased permeability of post-capillary venules, increased heart rate, and contraction of non-vascular smooth muscle.
    • Histamine plays important roles in acute inflammation and stimulating gastric acid secretion, with associated pathological roles.
    • H1 and H2 antagonists are clinically important in treating acute inflammation and gastric problems, respectively, with specific therapeutic and side effects.
    • 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) or serotonin is a neurotransmitter derived from tryptophan and plays a role in platelet aggregation, gut movement, and inflammatory actions, promoting inflammation and stimulating mast cell adhesion and migration.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on local hormones and their role in inflammation, the clinical utility of receptor antagonists, and the enzymatic pathways leading to the formation of prostaglandins and leukotrienes.

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