31 Questions
What is the role of histamine in acute inflammation?
Histamine promotes vasodilation and increases vascular permeability
What are the major side effects of H1 and H2 receptor antagonists?
Gastrointestinal disturbances and drowsiness
What are eicosanoids?
Signaling molecules derived from arachidonic acid with diverse physiological effects
What is the main effect of aspirin on gastric cytoprotection?
Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis leading to reduced protection of the stomach lining
What is the pharmacological mechanism of action of NSAIDs like ibuprofen?
Inhibition of cyclooxygenase enzymes to reduce prostaglandin synthesis
What are the two main isoforms of the enzyme responsible for the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostanoids?
COX-1 and COX-2
Which enzyme is responsible for the synthesis of prostanoids from arachidonic acid?
Cyclooxygenase
Which cells specialize in producing PGD2, a type of eicosanoid?
Mast cells
Which eicosanoid receptor subtype mediates the effects of prostaglandins?
G-protein-coupled receptors
Which eicosanoid is responsible for bronchoconstriction, increased airway oedema, and secretion of thick mucus?
Leukotrienes (LTC4, LTD4, LTE4)
Which leukotriene receptor antagonist blocks the receptor for cysteinyl leukotrienes (LTC4, LTD4, LTE4)?
Montelukast
Which of the following are signs of inflammation?
Warmth, redness, pain, swelling, and loss of function
What is the role of histamine in acute inflammation?
Promoting vasodilation and increased permeability of post-capillary venules
What are the physiological effects of H1 and H2 receptor activation by histamine?
Vasodilation, increased permeability of post-capillary venules, increased heart rate, and contraction of non-vascular smooth muscle
What is the role of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) or serotonin in inflammation?
Promoting inflammation and stimulating mast cell adhesion and migration
What are the key roles of local hormones in inflammation?
Orchestrating the complex responses of inflammation
What is the main purpose of anti-inflammatory drugs?
To manage inflammation by reducing its severity
What can chronic inflammation lead to?
Severe tissue damage such as atherosclerosis
What are the sources of histamine production?
Mast cells, basophils, neurons, and histaminergic cells
What are the specific therapeutic roles of H1 antagonists?
Treating acute inflammation
What is the role of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) or serotonin in platelet aggregation?
Promoting platelet aggregation
What is the primary function of inflammation?
To protect the body from infection and injury
Which enzyme is involved in the formation of leukotrienes?
Lipoxygenases
What is the role of H1 and H2 receptor antagonists in clinical practice?
To block the action of histamine in allergic reactions and gastric acid secretion
Which class of drugs inhibits the action of cyclooxygenases?
NSAIDs (Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs)
What are the major enzymatic pathways leading to the formation of prostaglandins and leukotrienes derived from?
Arachidonic acid
What is the primary role of eicosanoids in inflammation?
Regulation of inflammatory responses
What is the main effect of aspirin on gastric cytoprotection?
Reduction of gastric acid secretion
Which compound is involved in promoting tissue repair during inflammation?
Prostanoids
What is the clinical utility of H2 receptor antagonists?
Treatment of gastric ulcers and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
What is the primary function of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in inflammation?
Modulation of vascular tone and smooth muscle contraction
Study Notes
Inflammation and its Mediators
- Inflammation is the body's response to invasion by pathogens and allergens, as well as injury from heat, ultraviolet, and chemicals.
- The signs of inflammation include warmth, redness, pain, swelling, and loss of function.
- Chronic inflammation can lead to severe tissue damage such as atherosclerosis.
- Anti-inflammatory drugs are commonly prescribed to manage inflammation.
- The timescale of events in inflammation spans from injury to resolution and repair, with mediator release, microvascular actions, and cell accumulation and activation.
- Local hormones, also known as chemical mediators, play a key role in orchestrating the complex responses of inflammation.
- Histamine is a crucial chemical mediator produced in response to various stimuli, released from mast cells, basophils, neurons, and histaminergic cells.
- Histamine receptors, including H1 and H2 receptors, produce physiological effects by activating second messenger systems.
- Stimulation of H1 and H2 receptors by histamine leads to actions such as vasodilation, increased permeability of post-capillary venules, increased heart rate, and contraction of non-vascular smooth muscle.
- Histamine plays important roles in acute inflammation and stimulating gastric acid secretion, with associated pathological roles.
- H1 and H2 antagonists are clinically important in treating acute inflammation and gastric problems, respectively, with specific therapeutic and side effects.
- 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) or serotonin is a neurotransmitter derived from tryptophan and plays a role in platelet aggregation, gut movement, and inflammatory actions, promoting inflammation and stimulating mast cell adhesion and migration.
Test your knowledge on local hormones and their role in inflammation, the clinical utility of receptor antagonists, and the enzymatic pathways leading to the formation of prostaglandins and leukotrienes.
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