30 Questions
Which enzyme is responsible for the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostanoids?
Cyclooxygenase
Which isoform of cyclooxygenase is responsible for the 'physiological' roles of prostaglandins and thromboxanes?
COX-1
Which enzyme needs to be stimulated by inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1 and TNFα?
Cyclooxygenase
Which cells specialise in making particular eicosanoids such as PGD2?
Mast cells
Which eicosanoid receptor subtype mediates its effects by acting at its receptors?
PGs subtypes
Which leukotriene is much more potent than histamine in inducing bronchoconstriction, airway oedema, and cellular infiltration of eosinophils and neutrophils?
All of the above
Which leukotriene receptor antagonist blocks the receptor for cysteinyl leukotrienes (LTC4, LTD4, LTE4)?
Zafirlukast
Which leukotriene receptor antagonist is useful in the prevention of mild to moderate asthma and early to late bronchoconstrictor effects of allergens?
Montelukast
Which eicosanoid acts at the TP receptors for contraction?
TXA2
Which eicosanoid acts at the IP receptors for relaxation?
PGI2
What is the role of histamine in acute inflammation?
Promotes vasodilation and increases vascular permeability
What is the clinical utility of H1 and H2 receptor antagonists?
They inhibit the action of histamine
What is the main effect of eicosanoids in inflammation?
Modulation of vascular permeability, blood clotting, and smooth muscle contraction
What is the function of NSAIDs like aspirin and ibuprofen in inflammation?
Inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes
What is the major side effect of H1 receptor antagonists?
Drowsiness
Which enzyme is involved in the formation of prostanoids from arachidonic acid?
Cyclooxygenase
What are the main effects of eicosanoids?
Modulation of inflammation, haemostasis, and smooth muscle contraction
What is the function of leukotrienes in inflammation?
Modulation of vascular permeability and recruitment of inflammatory cells
What is the effect of aspirin on gastric cytoprotection?
Reduces gastric mucosal damage by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis
What are the effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in relation to inflammation?
Modulates smooth muscle contraction, vascular permeability, and pain perception
What are the signs of inflammation?
Calor, dolor, and rubor
Which of the following is a local hormone involved in inflammation?
Histamine
What are the two types of inflammation mentioned in the text?
Chronic and acute
Which neurotransmitter derived from tryptophan plays a role in inflammation?
5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)
What are lipid mediators of inflammation collectively known as?
Eicosanoids
What is the main function of anti-inflammatory drugs?
To manage inflammation
Where is histamine synthesized and stored?
Mast cells, basophils, neurons, and histaminergic cells
What occurs in the first 24 hours of repair/healing from inflammation?
Influx of immune cells and local hormones
What are the effects of histamine release in response to various stimuli?
All of the above
How can histamine and gastric acid secretion be managed?
With both H1 and H2 antagonists
Study Notes
- Inflammation is the body's response to invasion by pathogens or allergens, and injury from heat, ultraviolet radiation, or chemicals.
- Signs of inflammation include calor (warmth), rubor (redness), dolor (pain), tumor (swelling), and functio laesa (loss of function).
- Chronic inflammation can cause severe tissue damage, such as atherosclerosis.
- Acute inflammation includes anaphylaxis and sepsis.
- Anti-inflammatory drugs are commonly prescribed to manage inflammation.
- Inflammation involves a complex series of steps: recognition of the injurious agent, recruitment of leukocytes, removal of the agent, regulation of the response, and resolution (repair).
- Repair/healing occurs in the first 24 hours through the influx of immune cells and local hormones.
- Histamine is a local hormone that plays a key role in inflammation, and is synthesized and stored in mast cells, basophils, neurons, and histaminergic cells.
- Histamine is released in response to various stimuli and produces many effects, including increased blood flow and vascular permeability, contraction of non-vascular smooth muscle, and algesia (pain, itching, and sneezing).
- Histamine has important clinical roles in acute inflammation and stimulating gastric acid secretion.
- Histamine and gastric acid secretion can be managed with H1 and H2 antagonists, which have various therapeutic and side effects.
- 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), a neurotransmitter derived from tryptophan, also plays a role in inflammation by increasing the number of mast cells and enhancing inflammatory reactions.
- Lipid mediators of inflammation, including prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes, are collectively known as eicosanoids and are important for inflammation due to their role in mediating various responses in blood vessels and immune cells.
Test your knowledge on local hormones and inflammation with this quiz. Topics include the role of histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine, clinical utility of H1 and H2 receptor antagonists, eicosanoids, prostanoids, leukotrienes, and enzymatic pathways related to inflammation.
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