Load Factor and Diversity Factor Concepts
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following correctly describes the diversity factor for the primary feeder?

  • The sum of all loads divided by the number of loads
  • Total demand at peak hour
  • The average load divided by maximum load
  • The ratio of total load to the peak load (correct)

    • What is the reported annual peak load input for the primary feeder?

  • 2500 kW
  • 3000 kW
  • 2000 kW (correct)
  • 1500 kW

    • What is the diversity factor for the group of six residential houses connected to the distribution transformer?

  • 0.80
  • 1.00
  • 1.20
  • 1.10 (correct)

    • How is the demand factor defined in relation to a group of connected houses?

    <p>Total connected load divided by total maximum demand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum demand of the generating station given in the content?

    <p>80 MW</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the peak demand time for residential loads on one of the feeders?

    <p>9 PM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the load factor calculated if 400 x 10^3 MWh are generated in a year?

    <p>0.4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Given a combined peak demand of 3 MW, how would you describe the diversity factor of the load connected to the transformer?

    <p>1.5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a load of 300 kW for commercial use suggest at 12 PM?

    <p>Peak commercial load</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When analyzing the coincidence factor, which of the following would NOT be considered?

    <p>Average load over a month</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the demand factor defined in the context of the generating station?

    <p>Ratio of maximum load to connected load</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the diversity factor if an industrial load peaks at 2 MW and peak combined demand is 3 MW?

    <p>0.67</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the annual peak load of a primary feeder is 2000 kW and the copper loss is 80 kW, how would you describe the efficiency of the system?

    <p>Moderate efficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for Loss Factor (LLF) when the off-peak load is zero?

    <p>LLF = (t/T)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In urban areas, how is Loss Factor (LLF) calculated when the load is steady?

    <p>0.3LF + 0.7(LF)^2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Coincidence Factor (CF) measure?

    <p>The ratio of the maximum coincident demand to the sum of individual demands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a high Diversity Factor (FD) indicate?

    <p>Lower capacity requirements for the plant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is Load Diversity (LD) defined?

    <p>LD = sum of maximum peaks - coincident maximum demand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Contribution Factor (CF) indicate?

    <p>The weighted contribution of individual loads based on their maximum demand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When the loads are equal, how is the Contribution Factor simplified?

    <p>CF = C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What relationship does the equation CF = P_C / sum of individual maximum demands illustrate?

    <p>The relationship between coincident maximum demand and individual maximum demands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum duty cycle allowed by utility remote control for the 5 kW air conditioner?

    <p>65%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which rate structure allows for varying charges based on the time of day?

    <p>Time-of-day (or peak-load pricing) structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which item is typically included in a customer bill for an electric utility?

    <p>Customer's account number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a demand meter measure in addition to regular electric energy consumption?

    <p>Peak energy demand over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If there are 100,000 air conditioners subject to a reduced duty cycle, what must be calculated to find the reduced energy consumption during the peak hour?

    <p>The duration for which each unit operates under the reduced duty cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the environmental surcharge on an electric bill?

    <p>To cover costs associated with environmental regulations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the rate structure formula, what does rate refer to?

    <p>The charge per unit of electricity sold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage is noted as peak T&D losses in the scenario presented?

    <p>8%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Load Factor (LF) and Loss Factor (LLF)

    • The load factor is the ratio of average power loss to power loss at peak load.
    • The Loss Factor (LLF) is directly related to the Load Factor (LF).
    • When the off-peak load is zero, LF = LLF = t / T, where t is the duration of the load and T is the total time period.
    • For very short-lasting peaks, LLF approaches (LF)^2.
    • For steady loads, LLF is a function of LF, with different formulas for urban and rural areas.

    Coincidence Factor (CF)

    • CF is the ratio of coincident maximum demand to the sum of individual maximum demands.
    • CF = P_C / (∑_(i=1)^n P_i) = 1 / FD, where P_C is the coincident maximum demand and P_i is the individual maximum demand of the ith consumer.

    Diversity Factor (FD)

    • FD is the ratio of the sum of individual maximum demands to the coincident maximum demand.
    • FD = (∑_(i=1)^n P_i) / P_C
    • A high diversity factor indicates a desirable quality, as it results in a lower maximum demand on the plant, leading to a smaller plant capacity and reduced fixed charges.

    Load Diversity (LD)

    • LD is the difference between the sum of individual load peaks and the peak of the combined load.
    • LD = (∑_(i=1)^n P_i) - P_C

    Contribution Factor (CF)

    • CF is the contribution per unit of individual maximum demand of the ith load.
    • CF = (∑(i=1)^n C_i P_i) / (∑(i=1)^n P_i), where C_i is the contribution factor of the ith load.

    Demand Factor

    • Demand factor is the ratio of maximum demand to the connected load.

    Electric Meter Types

    • An electric meter measures the amount of electricity used by a customer.
    • A demand meter incorporates a timing element to measure the maximum demand over a specific timeframe.

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    Related Documents

    Load Characteristics PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers essential concepts related to Load Factor (LF), Loss Factor (LLF), Coincidence Factor (CF), and Diversity Factor (FD). Understand the relationships and formulas that govern these important electrical engineering metrics. Test your knowledge and deepen your comprehension of efficiency in power systems.

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