Exemple de quiz

Chapter 1: Biotechnology

• Biotechnology is a multidisciplinary field combining living organisms' or their parts with various techniques for economic purposes
• It's now a crucial emerging technology due to advancements in molecular biology.
• "Bio" comes from the Greek word "bios" meaning life
• "Technology" from the Greek "technologia" meaning the study of techniques, tools, machines, and materials.
• It originated in the Neolithic era, using microorganisms in food, beverages, and textiles.
• Standardization of fermentation processes occurred, starting with 1650's Orleans vinegar creation to 1664 Alsacian beer process and 1890's development of vaccines.

Origins of Biotecnology

• A brief history has three main phases
  • Neolithic to early 20th century: Utilizing bacteria, yeasts, and molds in food, beverages, and textiles. This includes standardization of fermentation methods. Notable examples are the 1650s Orleans vinegar process, the 1664 Alsacian beer development, and 1890s development of vaccines.
  • 1920s-1970s: Significant growth in the antibiotic and vitamin industries. Discoveries like penicillin (1927) highlight this era, alongside the 1953 discovery of DNA's structural role.
  • 1970s onwards: Advances in genetics, cell biology, and immunology, coupled with molecular cloning, led to modern techniques like genetic engineering
•  Note the various periods marked by notable scientific advancements and technological applications.

History & Evolution of Biotechnology

• Ancient biotechnology (before 1800): Early human settlement (around 9000 BC) led to the accidental discovery and adoption of fermentation techniques for enhancing food flavor and texture. This period was notable for the accidental involvement of microorganisms in food preparation.
• Classical biotechnology (1800 onwards): Marked by notable discoveries like the understanding of the link between yeast and fermentation (Pasteur). It led to the production of various beverages (wine, cider) and products such as vinegar, glycerin, acetone, and lactic acid.
• Modern biotechnology (1953 onwards): The discovery of the DNA structure (Watson & Crick, 1953) marked the beginning of modern biotechnology, enabling precise genetic manipulation and leading to the development of new medicines and other products.

Different Types of Biotechnology

• Red Biotechnology (Medical): Applications in medicine, including vaccine and antibiotic production, diagnostic techniques, regenerative therapies, and gene therapy.
• White Biotechnology (Industrial): Focuses on industrial processes, including the production of chemicals, enzymes, biofuels, and new materials with reduced resource consumption or waste.
• Grey Biotechnology (Environmental): Deals with environmental problems, such as bioremediation (using microorganisms to clean up pollutants), biodiversity conservation, and the study of microorganisms related to these issues.
• Green Biotechnology (Agricultural): Applications in agriculture, including the development of new plant varieties, biopesticides, and biofertilizers.
• Blue Biotechnology (Marine): Explores the potential of marine resources for industrial products and applications in various sectors like food, medicine, and cosmetics.

Biomaterials and their Use

• Biomaterials are classified into 5 main categories: natural, metals, ceramics, polymers, and composites. These materials are used in grafts (tissue transplants), which can be autografts (using the patient's own tissue), allografts (from another individual of the same species), or xenografts (from a different species). They are used in a variety of surgical procedures for tissue replacement.