Untitled Quiz

The initial breakdown of a drug by the liver after oral administration. This reduces the amount of drug reaching systemic circulation.

The fraction of administered dose that reaches the systemic circulation in an active form

The maximum concentration of a drug in the bloodstream after administration.

The ratio of a drug's toxic dose to its therapeutic dose.

The degree to which a drug binds to plasma proteins (like albumin).

The theoretical volume of fluid needed to contain the entire drug dose at the same concentration measured in blood.

Two different drug formulations with the same active ingredient having similar absorption rate and extent, showing same safety and effectiveness.

The range of drug concentrations in the blood that produces the desired therapeutic effect without causing toxicity.

The junction between two neurons, or a neuron and a gland or muscle cell, where nerve impulses are transmitted.

A chemical messenger that transmits signals across synapses.

A receptor molecule on a neuron that receives specific neurotransmitters.

A neurotransmitter important in the autonomic nervous system.

A neurotransmitter involved in the autonomic nervous system and hormone release.

Hormones and neurotransmitters that prepare the body for activity, produced in adrenal glands and nerve terminals.

Part of nervous system controlling involuntary functions like breathing and digestion.

Part of the ANS that triggers the 'fight or flight' response.

Undesirable effects that occur after drug administration, especially after intravenous or intramuscular use.

The risk of low blood pressure when changing from a lying or sitting position to standing.

Medication designed for long-term, controlled release.

The need for increasing drug doses to achieve the same effect.

Physical or mental reactions experienced when stopping drug use suddenly.

Compulsive drug use despite the negative consequences.

Physiological or psychological reliance on a substance; may lead to addiction.

Initially stimulates, then depresses the central nervous system, increasing GABA's effects.

A partial serotonin receptor agonist that produces anxiety reduction (ansiolisis) without sleepiness. Its effects take weeks to appear.

Enhance GABA's inhibitory effects, which is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter. They bind to GABA receptors, increasing the speed and time a channel is open, leading to greater inhibition.

Benzodiazepines can be categorized by duration of action: long-acting and short-acting. This affects the duration of their effects and the risk of side effects or accumulation, and consequently, different therapeutic applications.

High lipid solubility causes wide distribution throughout the body (large volume of distribution) and slow elimination. This is crucial for many applications.

Potential side effects include drowsiness, motor/speech impairment, and confusion. Residual sedative effects may occur the next day.

Long-acting benzodiazepines produce active metabolites leading to possible excessive sedation.

Short-acting benzodiazepines don't yield active metabolites which decreases the risk of accumulation, important for use as sedative/hypnotics but leads to an a more intense withdrawal syndrome.

Buspirone's anxiety-reducing effects don't involve immediate sedation unlike Benzodiazepines. It lacks anticonvulsant and muscle relaxant effects.

Inhibiting the synthesis of prostaglandins and other substances related to blood clotting and platelet aggregation, reducing clot formation.

Pain relieving effect; varying intensities compared to other pain relievers.

Reduces fever by targeting prostaglandin production, particularly in the brain.

Reduces inflammation by blocking prostaglandin production, but does not alter the course of the condition itself.

Varying analgesic strength between different types of pain relievers,not always related to anti-inflammatory properties.

Some medications are more effective than others at reducing inflammation.

Reduces prostaglandin production, particularly in the brain. The key mechanism in several analgesic/ antipyretic medicinal effects.

Reduces the clot formation ability of blood by preventing the platelets from sticking together. The effects last for a few days.

Opiate overdose often causes pinpoint pupils (miosis), coma, and slowed breathing/respiratory depression (midriasis in some cases).

Opiates slow down stomach emptying and decrease gut movements, leading to constipation and reduced secretions in the small intestine.

Opiates can cause low blood pressure (hypotension) and a slow heart rate (bradycardia) due to their effects on the nervous system and blood vessels.

Opiates can cause spasms in the urinary tract (ureters, bladder, and uterus) and decrease bladder emptying reflexes, potentially leading to urinary retention.

Tolerance to opiates means a higher dose is needed to achieve the same effect, caused by the body's adaptive response.

Physical dependence on opiates leads to withdrawal symptoms, characterized by physical reactions upon stopping the drug.

Withdrawal from opiates causes symptoms such as high blood pressure, fast heartbeat, runny nose, chills, vomiting, diarrhea, and anxiety.

Nausea and vomiting, especially at the start of opiate treatment, often improve with gradual increases in dosage.