Unit B Full Review Mixed

Living Things - 6 Characteristics

• Made of cells: All living things are composed of cells
• Need energy: Living things require energy for their functions
• Grow and develop: Living things increase in size and complexity
• Reproduce: Living things create new organisms
• Respond to the environment: Living things react to stimuli from their surroundings
• Adaptations: Living things have special features to survive in their environment

Structure and Function

• Structure determines function: The shape of something dictates what it can do
• Example: The shape of a bird's wing allows it to fly

Structural Adaptation

• A change in a species structure to help it survive
• Example: various answers. (Provided context requires specific examples)

Body Organs

• Lungs are the largest organ in the body
• Skin is the second largest organ in the body

Scientific Drawings

• Diagrams should be labeled.

Cells, Tissues, Organs and Organ Systems

• Similar cells create tissues
• Different tissues create organs
• Different organs create organ systems
• Example: Muscle cells make muscle tissue, various tissues combine to form complex organs like the heart. The heart, arteries, capillaries, and veins all work together in the circulatory system.

Unicellular vs Multicellular

• Unicellular organisms consist of one cell
• Multicellular organisms are made of many cells

Cell Movement

• Amoeba move using pseudopods
• Paramecium move using cilia

Diffusion and Osmosis

• Diffusion: Movement of particles from high to low concentration
• Osmosis: Diffusion of water through a membrane

Water Movement

• Water moves from a high concentration to a low concentration across a membrane
• Explanation: Water moves across the selectively permeable membrane to equalize the concentration of water on both sides

Xylem and Phloem

• Both transport tissues in plants
• Xylem transports water
• Phloem transports food

Digestion

• Mechanical digestion: Physical breakdown (e.g., chewing)
• Chemical digestion: Chemical breakdown (e.g., enzymes)
• Components of gastric juice: HCl, mucus, enzymes (pepsin), water
• Villi: Small projections increasing the surface area of the small intestine for nutrient absorption

Complex Molecule Breakdown

• Complex carbohydrates (starch) break down into sugar
• Lipids (fats) break down into fatty acids
• Proteins break down into amino acids
• Vitamins and minerals remain the same at the molecular level

Breathing and Exhalation

• Exhaled air has carbon dioxide
• Diaphragm acts as a muscle to pump air in and out of the lungs

Body Systems

• Muscles and Organs
• Senses

Heart Anatomy and Function

• Blood vessels
• Arteries carry blood away from heart,(thicker, higher pressure)
• Veins carry blood to heart (thinner, lower pressure, valves)
• Capillaries are where the exchange of gases and nutrients happens between blood and tissues. They are extremely thin and connect arteries to veins.
• Locations of gas exchange in the body occur in the capillaries and the alveoli of the lungs.

Excretion

• Excretion removes waste from the body
• Urea is a waste product made by the liver
• The kidneys are responsible for filtering blood and producing urine
• The Nephron is the working unit of the kidney

Nervous System

• CNS (Central Nervous System): Brain and spinal cord
• PNS (Peripheral Nervous System): Cranial and spinal nerves
• Types of neurons: Motor (sends signals to muscles/organs), Sensory (sends signals from senses to CNS), Interneurons (responsible for thinking/processing information)
• Cranial and Spinal Nerves are part of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): True

Brain Sections

• Cerebrum (thoughts)
• Cerebellum (balance)
• Medulla (heart rate)

Vaccines

• Vaccines build immunity
• Edward Jenner is credited with developing vaccines

Respiratory Conditions

• Asthma
• Bronchitis
• Emphysema
• Atherosclerosis

Lung Cancer

• Cancer of the lungs