Living in the IT Era Chapter 1 Quiz
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What is the primary critique against cultural relativism?

  • It ignores the evolution of moral guidelines. (correct)
  • It assumes all cultural practices are beneficial. (correct)
  • It promotes universal moral values.
  • It encourages one society to impose its norms on others.

What does subjective relativism claim about moral judgments?

  • Each individual determines their own moral truths. (correct)
  • Cultural norms have no influence on individual beliefs.
  • All societies face the same ethical challenges.
  • Moral truths are absolute and unchanging.

Which of the following is an example of a conflict described in the case against subjective relativism?

  • Judging the morality of wars globally.
  • Negotiating business ethics in multinational firms.
  • Addressing poverty and armed struggle in Gaza. (correct)
  • Comparing educational systems in different countries.

What is a method spammers use to hide their identity?

<p>Changing email and IP addresses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to divine command theory, what determines if an action is good or bad?

<p>Alignment with God's will as revealed in holy texts. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

One argument against subjective relativism highlights a potential issue in moral decision-making. What is this issue?

<p>It can blur the line between personal desires and moral imperatives. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of spam blockers?

<p>To screen out spam messages (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Kantian evaluation, how is spamming viewed?

<p>As unethical due to cost to others (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the examples given in the case for subjective relativism suggest about ethical debates?

<p>They often involve fundamentally opposing viewpoints. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to network utility as the number of users increases?

<p>It grows as the number of users squared (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement reflects a misunderstanding of cultural relativism?

<p>It asserts the existence of universal rights. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might the network suffer overload as the number of users increases?

<p>Irresponsible actions by users (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one major limitation of ethical subjectivism highlighted in the content?

<p>It lacks a mechanism for resolving cultural conflicts. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common trait of picture-based spam?

<p>It is less likely to be blocked by filters (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does an email address uniquely identify?

<p>A cyberspace mailbox (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential outcome of using utilitarian evaluation in spamming?

<p>It justifies spam if only a few respond (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a Data Subject?

<p>An individual whose personal information is processed. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What constitutes Sensitive Personal Information?

<p>Personal data related to an individual’s race, health, or political affiliations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is a Personal Information Controller (PIC)?

<p>A person or organization that decides how personal information is processed. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the rights granted under the Data Privacy Act of 2012?

<p>To obtain a copy of personal information held by an organization. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of 'Offline Identity'?

<p>Identification cards used in the physical world (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is not included in Sensitive Personal Information?

<p>A person's occupation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which situation falls outside the definition of a Data Subject?

<p>A company that processes the personal data of its employees. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which entity can instruct another party to handle personal information?

<p>Personal Information Controller (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one negative consequence of copying from vinyl records to cassette tapes?

<p>Introduction of hiss and distortions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technology allows users to download files from multiple sources simultaneously?

<p>BitTorrent (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action do digital content owners typically take to protect their rights?

<p>Encrypt digital content (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary business model change for Napster after it initially went off-line?

<p>Shift to a subscription music service (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following criticisms is associated with Digital Rights Management (DRM)?

<p>It makes anonymous access difficult. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a common reaction of universities to music copyright lawsuits?

<p>Developing legal file-sharing agreements (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which audio format introduced after vinyl records allowed for higher quality and lower production costs?

<p>Compact discs (CDs) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technological fix related to DRM is considered likely to fail?

<p>Any technological fix (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did high-speed internet access contribute to file sharing on university campuses?

<p>It increased the speed of file transfers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the reasons for the higher profits from CDs compared to vinyl records?

<p>Increased pricing strategies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is malware primarily defined as?

<p>Any program or file that is harmful to a computer user (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions should a user take to maintain effective antivirus software?

<p>Download the latest virus patterns regularly from the vendor's website (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential consequence of malware infecting a computer?

<p>Destruction of valuable data (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a type of malware?

<p>Trojan horse (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a worm from other types of malware?

<p>Worms spread autonomously through computer networks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a likely use of a compromised computer infected with malware?

<p>To serve as a depot for stolen credit card information (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the Internet worm is correct?

<p>It spreads without needing user permission. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most important feature of antivirus software?

<p>It helps detect and eliminate viruses. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary method by which a virus can replicate?

<p>A user executing an infected program (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the significant consequences of the Sasser worm?

<p>It disrupted operations at major organizations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the main characteristic of viruses?

<p>They replicate by embedding themselves in host programs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the Sasser worm's method of spreading?

<p>It exploited a previously identified security weakness. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can viruses be spread via email?

<p>When an attachment containing a virus is opened. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a notable feature of the instant messaging worms Choke and Hello?

<p>They targeted instant messaging systems. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where can viruses potentially be found?

<p>Attached to program files and various media. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What typically happens to computers infected by the Sasser worm?

<p>They shut down shortly after booting up. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Subjective Relativism

The idea that each person decides what is right and wrong for themselves, and that there are no universal moral standards.

Cultural Relativism

The belief that a society's moral guidelines depend on their culture, with no universal standards.

Case Against Cultural Relativism

Argument that cultural relativism lacks universal norms, and a culture's practices may not always be morally justified.

Case Against Subjective Relativism

Argument that subjective relativism blurs the distinction between personal preference and moral values.

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Divine Command Theory

The ethical theory that moral actions align with God's will, and immoral actions oppose it.

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Ethical debates

Discussions about moral issues that often have opposing views.

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No universal norms

The idea that there are no universally accepted moral standards that apply across all cultures or individuals.

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Moral issues

Questions or topics that involve judgment about right and wrong conduct.

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Internet connections

A vast network connecting millions of computers, enabling email, web browsing, and more.

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Spammers' Anonymity

Spammers frequently hide their true identities by changing email addresses and IP (Internet Protocol) addresses to make it difficult to trace them.

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Network Utility Growth

The usefulness of a network increases dramatically as more people use it. This growth follows a square relationship.

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Spam Blockers

Tools designed to filter out unwanted or suspicious emails, protecting users from spam.

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Email Address Structure

An email address identifies a specific mailbox on the internet; it consists of a user identifier and domain name.

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Network Overload

A large number of users can cause a network to become too busy, reducing its efficiency.

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Email Function

Email messages are embedded in files and transferred between computers using specific protocols and addresses.

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Ethical Issues in Spamming

Spamming raises ethical concerns regarding user privacy and the appropriateness of unsolicited electronic advertisements.

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Computer Virus

A piece of self-replicating code that attaches to a program called a host, spreading to other programs and potentially causing harm.

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Sasser Worm

A specific type of virus that exploited a vulnerability in the Windows operating system in 2004, infecting over 18 million computers.

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How Viruses Spread

Viruses are often spread through infected programs, email attachments, downloaded files, or removable storage devices like USB drives.

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Email Virus Spread

An email virus spreads when a user opens an attachment that contains the malicious code.

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Instant Messaging Worms

Worms that specifically infect instant messaging systems, spreading through messages or file transfers.

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Choke and Hello Worms

Two early instant messaging worms that appeared in 2001, exploiting vulnerabilities in instant messaging applications.

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Virus Effects

Viruses can cause various problems, including data loss, system crashes, compromised security, and overall system instability.

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Virus Prevention

It's important to use antivirus software, keep your operating system and applications updated, and be cautious about opening attachments from unknown senders.

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Digital Rights Management (DRM)

Measures taken by owners of digital intellectual property to protect their rights, often involving encryption and copy protection.

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DRM Criticism

Concerns that DRM undermines fair use, reduces competition, and may make anonymous access impossible.

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Napster

A peer-to-peer music exchange network that allowed users to share music files, leading to copyright lawsuits.

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BitTorrent

A file sharing protocol that breaks files into pieces and downloads them from multiple sources, making downloads much faster.

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Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Network

A network where computers can directly access files stored on each other's hard drives, facilitating file sharing.

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P2P Network Advantages

P2P networks offer fast file transfers, support simultaneous transfers, and allow access to data stored in many computers.

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University's Response to File Sharing

Universities have faced challenges dealing with student file sharing, leading to various responses like banning file-sharing, signing agreements with legal services, or implementing clean room software development strategies.

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Clean Room Software Development

A strategy where teams analyze a competitor's software to understand its features without copying the code, ensuring legal development.

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What is Malware?

Malware is any program or file designed to harm a computer user. It can range from consuming resources to destroying data, granting access to your computer, or even using it for illegal activities like spreading spam.

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What are computer viruses?

Computer viruses are a type of malware that replicates itself and spreads to other files or programs. They often cause damage by corrupting files, deleting data, or making your computer slow.

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What are Worms?

Worms are a type of malware that spreads through computer networks by exploiting security vulnerabilities. They can replicate themselves and spread independently without user interaction.

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What are Trojan Horses?

Trojan horses masquerade as legitimate software but contain malicious code. They can steal your information, control your computer, or install other malware.

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What is Spyware?

Spyware is a type of malware that collects information about your computer usage and sends it to a third party. This can include your browsing history, keystrokes, and personal information.

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How do antivirus programs protect computers?

Antivirus programs detect and remove malware from your computer. To stay effective, you need to update them regularly to identify new threats.

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What is the Internet Worm?

It was the first worm to gain widespread media attention, despite many others existing. It exploited security vulnerabilities to spread itself across computers on the internet.

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How can you protect yourself from malware?

Install and regularly update antivirus software, be cautious about opening email attachments or downloading files from untrusted sources, and keep your operating system and programs up-to-date with security patches.

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Data Subject

An individual whose personal information is being processed.

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Sensitive Personal Information

Personal information revealing race, ethnic origin, religious affiliations, health, education, genetic or sexual life, or criminal proceedings.

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Personal Information Controller (PIC)

A person or organization that controls the collection, holding, processing, or use of personal information.

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What are the rights of a data subject?

Under the Data Privacy Act of 2012, a data subject has the right to access and obtain a copy of their personal information held by an organization in a readily accessible format, with a clear explanation.

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What is Offline Identity?

Identification cards used to verify identity in the physical world, like driver's licenses or passports.

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What is Data Privacy?

Protecting personal information from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, alteration, or destruction.

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What is the purpose of the Data Privacy Act of 2012?

To protect the fundamental human right to privacy of communication while ensuring free flow of information to promote innovation and growth.

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What is the goal of Data Privacy and Cybercrime Prevention?

To ensure fair and responsible processing of personal information while addressing cybercrime threats.

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Study Notes

Introduction

  • Gee 002 - Living in the IT Era is a course covering the information technology era.

Chapter 1: Catalysts for Change

  • Information age is characterized by unprecedented access to information.
  • Catalysts include low-cost computers and high-speed communication networks.
  • Examples of advances in recent decades: Cell phones, email, the World Wide Web, and MP3 players.
  • Technology and values are dynamically linked.
  • People adopt technology, and technology changes society in various ways.
  • Technology can create problems while also solving them.

1.2 Milestones in Computing

  • Aids to manual calculating include tablets, abacuses, and mathematical tables.
  • Mechanical calculators emerged in the 17th and 19th centuries.
  • Blaise Pascal invented Pascal's calculator, capable of adding up to six digits.
  • Gottfried Leibniz created the "Step Reckoner", a calculating machine capable of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of whole numbers.
  • Charles Thomas de Colmar produced the Arithmometer, the first successful commercial calculator.
  • Georg Scheutz and Edvard Scheutz's difference engine was the first printing calculator, capable of calculating mathematical tables and printing results onto molds.
  • William Burroughs' Adding Machine was another significant development.

Chapter 2: Introduction to Ethics

  • Subjective relativism: Each person decides what’s right or wrong for themselves.
  • Cultural relativism: What is right or wrong depends on the society's moral guidelines.
  • Divine command theory: Good actions align with God's will, while bad actions oppose it.
  • Kantianism: focuses on good will (desire to do right) and universal moral rules.
  • Act utilitarianism: Morality depends on the consequences (producing the most overall happiness).
  • Rule utilitarianism: Focuses on whether a rule, if followed by everyone, would produce the greatest overall happiness.
  • Social contract theory: Morality arises from agreements in society to ensure mutual benefit.

Chapter 3: Network Communication and Intellectual Property

  • 3.1 Network Communication: Networking increases computer utility.
  • Copyright protection for software began in 1964.
  • The expression of an idea is protected, not the idea itself.
  • Object code (.exe) is protected, not source code.
  • Software companies create trademarks and service marks to distinguish their products.
  • Trade secret: Proprietary information that grants a company a competitive advantage.

Chapter 4: Information Privacy and Computer Security

  • 4.1 Information Privacy: Individuals have the right to privacy concerning their personal information.
  • Computer security: Includes measures to protect against hackers, malware, and other security threats.

4.2 Hackers (Past and Present)

  • Hackers were explorers, risk-takers, and people who sought to push the boundaries of computer systems.
  • DoS and DDoS attacks: Intentional actions to prevent legitimate users from accessing a system.
  • Types of Malware: Viruses, worms, Trojan horses, and spyware.

Chapter 5: Computer Reliability

  • Computer systems may potentially yield erroneous information.
  • Software errors can manifest in unforeseen ways, leading to system failures.
  • Computer simulations are increasingly used to replace physical experiments.

Chapter 6: Professional Ethics, and Work and Wealth

  • 6.1 Introduction: Professionals ought to act for the public good in their respective fields.
  • 6.1.1 How Well Developed: Traits of well-developed professions include formal education, accreditation, skills, certification, licensing, professional development, and a professional society code of ethics.
  • 6.1.2 Whistleblowing: Describes when a whistleblower discloses information that negatively impacts individuals or organizations while adhering to ethical guidelines.
  • 6.2 Work and Wealth: Addresses how information technology impacts the workplace.

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GEE 002 Living in the IT Era - PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on the key concepts from Chapter 1 of 'Living in the IT Era'. This chapter explores the catalysts for change in the information age, including advancements in technology and their impact on society. From the evolution of manual calculating devices to modern technology, see how much you know about these milestones.

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