Living in Communities and Ethical Perspectives
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Questions and Answers

Communities exist because benefits outweigh ______.

costs

A society’s rules of conduct are referred to as ______.

morality

The ______ point of view considers only your own self and your core values.

selfish

Ethics involves the rational examination of ______.

<p>morality</p> Signup and view all the answers

Alexis needs a ______ to attend college due to her family's financial situation.

<p>scholarship</p> Signup and view all the answers

Alexis graduated from high school with straight ___.

<p>As</p> Signup and view all the answers

The antispam organization put the addresses of these ISPs on its ___.

<p>blacklist</p> Signup and view all the answers

The East Dakota State Police had video cameras connected to computers that could detect cars traveling more than ___ miles per hour above the speed limit.

<p>five</p> Signup and view all the answers

Your company aims to be 'first to market' to avoid being outperformed by a ___ company.

<p>well-established</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ethics focuses on people's voluntary, moral ___.

<p>choices</p> Signup and view all the answers

Each person decides right and wrong for himself or herself based on ______.

<p>subjective relativism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cultural relativism suggests that 'right' and 'wrong' depend upon a society’s actual moral ______.

<p>guidelines</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Divine Command Theory, good actions are those aligned with ______’s will.

<p>God</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ethical egoism focuses on actions that provide the maximum long-term ______ for oneself.

<p>benefit</p> Signup and view all the answers

Kantianism emphasizes the critical importance of ______ in making moral decisions.

<p>good will</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Categorical Imperative, you should act so that you treat both yourself and other people as ends in themselves and never only as a means to an ___ .

<p>end</p> Signup and view all the answers

Carla submitted another person's work as her own, deceiving her professor and treating the professor as a ___ to an end.

<p>means</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ___ of Utility is the principle that an action is right if it increases the total happiness of the affected parties.

<p>Principle</p> Signup and view all the answers

In act utilitarianism, a right action is one that maximizes the ___ of happiness for all affected beings.

<p>sum</p> Signup and view all the answers

Rule utilitarianism applies the Principle of Utility to moral ___ that, if universally followed, would maximize happiness.

<p>rules</p> Signup and view all the answers

One of the benefits of living in communities is a higher standard of living from economic ___.

<p>specialization</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the ethical point of view, it is important to respect other people and their ___ values.

<p>core</p> Signup and view all the answers

The definition of a society is an association of people organized under a system of ___.

<p>rules</p> Signup and view all the answers

Morality refers to what people ought or ought not to do in various ___.

<p>situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ethics involves a rational examination of ___ to evaluate people's behavior.

<p>morality</p> Signup and view all the answers

Alexis efficiently completes her extra research projects using the library's ___ and printers.

<p>PCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

The amount of spam received by typical email users in the United States dropped by ___ percent after the organization created the blacklist.

<p>25</p> Signup and view all the answers

The East Dakota State Police installed video cameras to detect cars traveling more than five miles per hour above the ___ limit.

<p>speed</p> Signup and view all the answers

Your company may lose its business if a well-established company releases a similar product ___ your startup's release.

<p>before</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ethics involves rational examination of actions and the moral decisions that a person makes in their ___ choices.

<p>voluntary</p> Signup and view all the answers

Tolerance is the willingness to accept and respect these differences without attempting to impose one's own ______ on others.

<p>beliefs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cultural relativism suggests that 'right' and 'wrong' can vary based on a society's actual moral ______.

<p>guidelines</p> Signup and view all the answers

Divine Command Theory asserts that good actions align with God's ______.

<p>will</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ethical egoism promotes focusing exclusively on one's own ______.

<p>self-interest</p> Signup and view all the answers

Kantianism stresses that only a good ______ is unconditionally good.

<p>will</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Kantianism, it is wrong to use another person solely as a means to an ___.

<p>end</p> Signup and view all the answers

In act utilitarianism, an action is considered good if its benefits exceed its ___.

<p>harms</p> Signup and view all the answers

A perfect duty is a duty that one is obliged to fulfill without ___.

<p>exception</p> Signup and view all the answers

Utilitarianism is a ______________ theory that emphasizes the consequences of actions.

<p>consequentialist</p> Signup and view all the answers

A proposed rule in rule utilitarianism should lead to the greatest increase in total ___.

<p>happiness</p> Signup and view all the answers

Living in communities can facilitate the exchange of goods and __________.

<p>services</p> Signup and view all the answers

Communities are often formed due to the benefits outweighing the __________.

<p>costs</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ point of view involves respecting other people and their core values.

<p>ethical</p> Signup and view all the answers

A society is an association of people organized under a system of __________.

<p>rules</p> Signup and view all the answers

Morality refers to a society's rules of __________.

<p>conduct</p> Signup and view all the answers

Alexis earned a full-ride scholarship to attend a prestigious ______.

<p>university</p> Signup and view all the answers

The antispam organization blacklisted certain ______ to reduce spam emails.

<p>ISPs</p> Signup and view all the answers

The East Dakota State Police used sophisticated _____ recognition software to detect speeding drivers.

<p>image</p> Signup and view all the answers

The aim of the East Dakota State Legislature's law was to reduce accidents caused by ______.

<p>speeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

The organization aimed to protect email servers by working with Internet service providers in an East Asian ______.

<p>country</p> Signup and view all the answers

Subjective relativism blurs the line between doing what you think is right and doing what you feel like _____.

<p>doing</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cultural relativism argues that what is considered 'right' and 'wrong' depends on a society's actual moral _____.

<p>guidelines</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Divine Command Theory, bad actions are those that are contrary to God's _____.

<p>will</p> Signup and view all the answers

Kantianism posits that the only thing that is good without qualification is a good _____ .

<p>will</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ethical egoism suggests that individuals should focus on their own self-_____.

<p>interest</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Categorical Imperative states that one must act so that they treat both themselves and other people as ends in themselves and never only as a means to an ___.

<p>end</p> Signup and view all the answers

In act utilitarianism, an action is considered good if its benefits exceed its ___.

<p>harms</p> Signup and view all the answers

Carla's decision to submit a purchased report illustrates the violation of the ___ duty she has towards her professor.

<p>perfect</p> Signup and view all the answers

Utilitarianism is primarily concerned with the ____ of an action rather than the intention behind it.

<p>consequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

Rule utilitarianism applies the Principle of Utility to moral rules that, if universally followed, would maximize total ___.

<p>happiness</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Living in Communities: Benefits and Costs

  • Communities provide security against external dangers and enable the exchange of goods and services.
  • Economic specialization in communities can lead to a higher standard of living and personal relationships.
  • Costs of living in communities include prohibitions and obligations for certain actions, with nonconformance potentially leading to punishment.
  • The existence of communities is justified by the benefits outweighing the associated costs.

Ethical Perspectives

  • Core values shared by individuals typically revolve around life, happiness, and accomplishment.
  • Two worldviews exist:
    • Selfish: Focuses solely on personal interests.
    • Ethical: Respects others and acknowledges their values.

Definitions

  • Society: A group of individuals organized under rules that promote member welfare over time.
  • Morality: The rules of conduct that dictate right and wrong actions in societal contexts.
  • Ethics: The rational analysis of morality that evaluates behavior against established moral principles.

Importance of Studying Ethics

  • Ethical studies encourage individuals to consider diverse perspectives on issues, leading to personal growth and better decision-making.
  • Recognizes the complexity of ethical dilemmas which often require deep analysis for resolution.

Ethical Scenarios

  • Scenarios presented include dilemmas involving deceit, harm, benefits, and ethical evaluation of actions.
  • Common questions arise regarding fairness, rights violations, and alternative actions to achieve goals.

Ethical Theories Overview

  • Subjective Relativism: Moral judgments are seen as personal and culturally dependent, leading to both subjective conclusions and challenges in establishing universal moral standards.
  • Cultural Relativism: Right and wrong are defined by societal morals which vary across cultures and time periods, but faces criticism for potentially allowing harmful practices to persist.

Divine Command Theory

  • Aligns right actions with God's will as disclosed in holy texts, but is criticized for inconsistency across different scriptures and impracticality in diverse societies.

Ethical Egoism

  • Suggests individuals should act in their own self-interest, promoting maximum personal benefit. However, this approach can lead to immoral actions and neglect others' needs.

Kantianism

  • Centers on the concept of good will, asserting that moral actions must respect others as ends in themselves rather than means to an end.
  • Two formulations of the Categorical Imperative guide ethical decision-making:
    • Act only according to principles that can be universalized.
    • Treat individuals as moral equals deserving of dignity.

Utilitarianism

  • Act Utilitarianism: Evaluates actions based on their outcomes, advocating for actions that maximize overall happiness.
  • Rule Utilitarianism: Normative approach that supports moral rules leading to general happiness when universally followed.

Practical Evaluations

  • Ethical scenarios evaluate the anticipated benefits and harms of actions, with various stakeholders considered.
  • Case studies illustrate the complexities of ethical decision-making and the potential for societal impact.### Case for Rule Utilitarianism
  • Moral decisions can be guided by established rules rather than individual utilitarian calculations.
  • Moral rules can withstand exceptional situations without losing their validity.
  • Reduces issues related to moral luck, where outcomes influence moral judgment.
  • Minimizes bias in moral decision-making by relying on consistent rules.
  • Appeals broadly to diverse social groups, providing a common ethical framework.

Case Against Utilitarianism in General

  • Requires all consequences to be measured on a single scale, necessitating uniform units for calculation.
  • Forces quantification of human life value in certain scenarios, raising ethical concerns.
  • Fails to address unjust distribution of positive outcomes, lacking a justice principle.
  • Conflicts may arise between the Principle of Utility and principles of justice, complicating moral evaluations.

Social Contract Theory

  • Thomas Hobbes posits that life in the "state of nature" would be dire and prompts acceptance of a social contract.
  • Implicit social contract establishes governance and moral rules among citizens.
  • Jean-Jacques Rousseau emphasizes societal order where no individual is above the law.
  • James Rachels defines morality as a set of mutually agreed rules for relational harmony.

Kinds of Rights

  • Negative rights require others to refrain from interfering (e.g., privacy).
  • Positive rights compel others to act on your behalf (e.g., education).
  • Absolute rights are unconditional; limited rights are subject to circumstances.

John Rawls’s Principles of Justice

  • Individuals have claims to basic rights as long as they do not infringe on the same rights for others.
  • Social and economic inequalities must ensure equal opportunity and benefit the least advantaged, known as the difference principle.

Convenience Stores Scenario

  • Bill collects customer purchase data to create profiles for marketing.
  • Customers have differing reactions to the sale of their information.
  • Evaluation hinges on rights concerning privacy and consent for information sharing.

Case for Social Contract Theory

  • Framed through rights language, explaining self-interested behavior without common agreements.
  • Analyzes governmental authority and civil obedience as justified actions.

Case Against Social Contract Theory

  • The absence of an actual signed social contract raises questions about legitimacy.
  • Conflicts where actions can have multiple ethical interpretations complicate the theory.
  • Potentially unjust towards individuals who cannot uphold the contract due to various reasons.

Virtue Ethics

  • Critiques Enlightenment theories for neglecting moral education, social relationships, and emotions.
  • Virtue ethics centers on the idea of achieving excellence (arete) through moral virtues.
  • Intellectual virtues involve reasoning; moral virtues concern character traits like honesty.

Aristotle on Happiness

  • Happiness results from living virtuously, acquired through consistent moral behavior.
  • Virtue Ethics emphasizes the right action consistent with virtuous character in any circumstance.

Vices

  • Vices prevent flourishing, existing as opposites of virtues.
  • Virtues are often positioned between two extremes, e.g., courage is between cowardliness and rashness.

Case for Virtue Ethics

  • Emphasizes virtues over obligations or consequences, aligning ethical focus with moral character.
  • Recognizes that moral skills develop through practice over time and acknowledges the role of emotions.

Case Against Virtue Ethics

  • Disagreements exist on which traits constitute virtues for flourishing.
  • Limited applicability to government policy-making and accountability for actions.

Comparing Workable Ethical Theories

  • Ethical objectivism asserts morality exists independently, contrasting with relativism which considers morality as a human construct.
  • Workable ethical theories share characteristics like logical reasoning and factual bases.
  • Examples include Kantianism, utilitarianism, social contract theory, and virtue ethics.

Morality of Breaking the Law

  • From a social contract theory perspective, societal burdens are accepted for rights protection, emphasizing law obedience unless higher moral obligations compel disobedience.
  • Kantianism argues against subverting laws under the guise of justice due to potential consequences for society.
  • Rule utilitarianism weighs the happiness produced against societal respect for law.
  • Act utilitarianism examines specific scenarios where benefits of breaking the law could outweigh harms.

Summary of Theories

  • Kantianism: Advocates respect for equal personhood and rationality in interactions.
  • Utilitarianism: Prioritizes outcome considerations in moral decisions.
  • Social Contract Theory: Encourages collective promotion of human rights.
  • Virtue Ethics: Trusts in virtuous individuals to make right choices based on character.

Personal Ethical Decision-Making

  • Encourages individual reflection on moral duties, rights, consequences, and virtues.
  • Prompts consideration of personal aspirations for character and societal context.

Living in Communities: Benefits and Costs

  • Communities provide security against external dangers and enable the exchange of goods and services.
  • Economic specialization in communities can lead to a higher standard of living and personal relationships.
  • Costs of living in communities include prohibitions and obligations for certain actions, with nonconformance potentially leading to punishment.
  • The existence of communities is justified by the benefits outweighing the associated costs.

Ethical Perspectives

  • Core values shared by individuals typically revolve around life, happiness, and accomplishment.
  • Two worldviews exist:
    • Selfish: Focuses solely on personal interests.
    • Ethical: Respects others and acknowledges their values.

Definitions

  • Society: A group of individuals organized under rules that promote member welfare over time.
  • Morality: The rules of conduct that dictate right and wrong actions in societal contexts.
  • Ethics: The rational analysis of morality that evaluates behavior against established moral principles.

Importance of Studying Ethics

  • Ethical studies encourage individuals to consider diverse perspectives on issues, leading to personal growth and better decision-making.
  • Recognizes the complexity of ethical dilemmas which often require deep analysis for resolution.

Ethical Scenarios

  • Scenarios presented include dilemmas involving deceit, harm, benefits, and ethical evaluation of actions.
  • Common questions arise regarding fairness, rights violations, and alternative actions to achieve goals.

Ethical Theories Overview

  • Subjective Relativism: Moral judgments are seen as personal and culturally dependent, leading to both subjective conclusions and challenges in establishing universal moral standards.
  • Cultural Relativism: Right and wrong are defined by societal morals which vary across cultures and time periods, but faces criticism for potentially allowing harmful practices to persist.

Divine Command Theory

  • Aligns right actions with God's will as disclosed in holy texts, but is criticized for inconsistency across different scriptures and impracticality in diverse societies.

Ethical Egoism

  • Suggests individuals should act in their own self-interest, promoting maximum personal benefit. However, this approach can lead to immoral actions and neglect others' needs.

Kantianism

  • Centers on the concept of good will, asserting that moral actions must respect others as ends in themselves rather than means to an end.
  • Two formulations of the Categorical Imperative guide ethical decision-making:
    • Act only according to principles that can be universalized.
    • Treat individuals as moral equals deserving of dignity.

Utilitarianism

  • Act Utilitarianism: Evaluates actions based on their outcomes, advocating for actions that maximize overall happiness.
  • Rule Utilitarianism: Normative approach that supports moral rules leading to general happiness when universally followed.

Practical Evaluations

  • Ethical scenarios evaluate the anticipated benefits and harms of actions, with various stakeholders considered.
  • Case studies illustrate the complexities of ethical decision-making and the potential for societal impact.### Case for Rule Utilitarianism
  • Moral decisions can be guided by established rules rather than individual utilitarian calculations.
  • Moral rules can withstand exceptional situations without losing their validity.
  • Reduces issues related to moral luck, where outcomes influence moral judgment.
  • Minimizes bias in moral decision-making by relying on consistent rules.
  • Appeals broadly to diverse social groups, providing a common ethical framework.

Case Against Utilitarianism in General

  • Requires all consequences to be measured on a single scale, necessitating uniform units for calculation.
  • Forces quantification of human life value in certain scenarios, raising ethical concerns.
  • Fails to address unjust distribution of positive outcomes, lacking a justice principle.
  • Conflicts may arise between the Principle of Utility and principles of justice, complicating moral evaluations.

Social Contract Theory

  • Thomas Hobbes posits that life in the "state of nature" would be dire and prompts acceptance of a social contract.
  • Implicit social contract establishes governance and moral rules among citizens.
  • Jean-Jacques Rousseau emphasizes societal order where no individual is above the law.
  • James Rachels defines morality as a set of mutually agreed rules for relational harmony.

Kinds of Rights

  • Negative rights require others to refrain from interfering (e.g., privacy).
  • Positive rights compel others to act on your behalf (e.g., education).
  • Absolute rights are unconditional; limited rights are subject to circumstances.

John Rawls’s Principles of Justice

  • Individuals have claims to basic rights as long as they do not infringe on the same rights for others.
  • Social and economic inequalities must ensure equal opportunity and benefit the least advantaged, known as the difference principle.

Convenience Stores Scenario

  • Bill collects customer purchase data to create profiles for marketing.
  • Customers have differing reactions to the sale of their information.
  • Evaluation hinges on rights concerning privacy and consent for information sharing.

Case for Social Contract Theory

  • Framed through rights language, explaining self-interested behavior without common agreements.
  • Analyzes governmental authority and civil obedience as justified actions.

Case Against Social Contract Theory

  • The absence of an actual signed social contract raises questions about legitimacy.
  • Conflicts where actions can have multiple ethical interpretations complicate the theory.
  • Potentially unjust towards individuals who cannot uphold the contract due to various reasons.

Virtue Ethics

  • Critiques Enlightenment theories for neglecting moral education, social relationships, and emotions.
  • Virtue ethics centers on the idea of achieving excellence (arete) through moral virtues.
  • Intellectual virtues involve reasoning; moral virtues concern character traits like honesty.

Aristotle on Happiness

  • Happiness results from living virtuously, acquired through consistent moral behavior.
  • Virtue Ethics emphasizes the right action consistent with virtuous character in any circumstance.

Vices

  • Vices prevent flourishing, existing as opposites of virtues.
  • Virtues are often positioned between two extremes, e.g., courage is between cowardliness and rashness.

Case for Virtue Ethics

  • Emphasizes virtues over obligations or consequences, aligning ethical focus with moral character.
  • Recognizes that moral skills develop through practice over time and acknowledges the role of emotions.

Case Against Virtue Ethics

  • Disagreements exist on which traits constitute virtues for flourishing.
  • Limited applicability to government policy-making and accountability for actions.

Comparing Workable Ethical Theories

  • Ethical objectivism asserts morality exists independently, contrasting with relativism which considers morality as a human construct.
  • Workable ethical theories share characteristics like logical reasoning and factual bases.
  • Examples include Kantianism, utilitarianism, social contract theory, and virtue ethics.

Morality of Breaking the Law

  • From a social contract theory perspective, societal burdens are accepted for rights protection, emphasizing law obedience unless higher moral obligations compel disobedience.
  • Kantianism argues against subverting laws under the guise of justice due to potential consequences for society.
  • Rule utilitarianism weighs the happiness produced against societal respect for law.
  • Act utilitarianism examines specific scenarios where benefits of breaking the law could outweigh harms.

Summary of Theories

  • Kantianism: Advocates respect for equal personhood and rationality in interactions.
  • Utilitarianism: Prioritizes outcome considerations in moral decisions.
  • Social Contract Theory: Encourages collective promotion of human rights.
  • Virtue Ethics: Trusts in virtuous individuals to make right choices based on character.

Personal Ethical Decision-Making

  • Encourages individual reflection on moral duties, rights, consequences, and virtues.
  • Prompts consideration of personal aspirations for character and societal context.

Living in Communities: Benefits and Costs

  • Communities provide security against external dangers and enable the exchange of goods and services.
  • Economic specialization in communities can lead to a higher standard of living and personal relationships.
  • Costs of living in communities include prohibitions and obligations for certain actions, with nonconformance potentially leading to punishment.
  • The existence of communities is justified by the benefits outweighing the associated costs.

Ethical Perspectives

  • Core values shared by individuals typically revolve around life, happiness, and accomplishment.
  • Two worldviews exist:
    • Selfish: Focuses solely on personal interests.
    • Ethical: Respects others and acknowledges their values.

Definitions

  • Society: A group of individuals organized under rules that promote member welfare over time.
  • Morality: The rules of conduct that dictate right and wrong actions in societal contexts.
  • Ethics: The rational analysis of morality that evaluates behavior against established moral principles.

Importance of Studying Ethics

  • Ethical studies encourage individuals to consider diverse perspectives on issues, leading to personal growth and better decision-making.
  • Recognizes the complexity of ethical dilemmas which often require deep analysis for resolution.

Ethical Scenarios

  • Scenarios presented include dilemmas involving deceit, harm, benefits, and ethical evaluation of actions.
  • Common questions arise regarding fairness, rights violations, and alternative actions to achieve goals.

Ethical Theories Overview

  • Subjective Relativism: Moral judgments are seen as personal and culturally dependent, leading to both subjective conclusions and challenges in establishing universal moral standards.
  • Cultural Relativism: Right and wrong are defined by societal morals which vary across cultures and time periods, but faces criticism for potentially allowing harmful practices to persist.

Divine Command Theory

  • Aligns right actions with God's will as disclosed in holy texts, but is criticized for inconsistency across different scriptures and impracticality in diverse societies.

Ethical Egoism

  • Suggests individuals should act in their own self-interest, promoting maximum personal benefit. However, this approach can lead to immoral actions and neglect others' needs.

Kantianism

  • Centers on the concept of good will, asserting that moral actions must respect others as ends in themselves rather than means to an end.
  • Two formulations of the Categorical Imperative guide ethical decision-making:
    • Act only according to principles that can be universalized.
    • Treat individuals as moral equals deserving of dignity.

Utilitarianism

  • Act Utilitarianism: Evaluates actions based on their outcomes, advocating for actions that maximize overall happiness.
  • Rule Utilitarianism: Normative approach that supports moral rules leading to general happiness when universally followed.

Practical Evaluations

  • Ethical scenarios evaluate the anticipated benefits and harms of actions, with various stakeholders considered.
  • Case studies illustrate the complexities of ethical decision-making and the potential for societal impact.### Case for Rule Utilitarianism
  • Moral decisions can be guided by established rules rather than individual utilitarian calculations.
  • Moral rules can withstand exceptional situations without losing their validity.
  • Reduces issues related to moral luck, where outcomes influence moral judgment.
  • Minimizes bias in moral decision-making by relying on consistent rules.
  • Appeals broadly to diverse social groups, providing a common ethical framework.

Case Against Utilitarianism in General

  • Requires all consequences to be measured on a single scale, necessitating uniform units for calculation.
  • Forces quantification of human life value in certain scenarios, raising ethical concerns.
  • Fails to address unjust distribution of positive outcomes, lacking a justice principle.
  • Conflicts may arise between the Principle of Utility and principles of justice, complicating moral evaluations.

Social Contract Theory

  • Thomas Hobbes posits that life in the "state of nature" would be dire and prompts acceptance of a social contract.
  • Implicit social contract establishes governance and moral rules among citizens.
  • Jean-Jacques Rousseau emphasizes societal order where no individual is above the law.
  • James Rachels defines morality as a set of mutually agreed rules for relational harmony.

Kinds of Rights

  • Negative rights require others to refrain from interfering (e.g., privacy).
  • Positive rights compel others to act on your behalf (e.g., education).
  • Absolute rights are unconditional; limited rights are subject to circumstances.

John Rawls’s Principles of Justice

  • Individuals have claims to basic rights as long as they do not infringe on the same rights for others.
  • Social and economic inequalities must ensure equal opportunity and benefit the least advantaged, known as the difference principle.

Convenience Stores Scenario

  • Bill collects customer purchase data to create profiles for marketing.
  • Customers have differing reactions to the sale of their information.
  • Evaluation hinges on rights concerning privacy and consent for information sharing.

Case for Social Contract Theory

  • Framed through rights language, explaining self-interested behavior without common agreements.
  • Analyzes governmental authority and civil obedience as justified actions.

Case Against Social Contract Theory

  • The absence of an actual signed social contract raises questions about legitimacy.
  • Conflicts where actions can have multiple ethical interpretations complicate the theory.
  • Potentially unjust towards individuals who cannot uphold the contract due to various reasons.

Virtue Ethics

  • Critiques Enlightenment theories for neglecting moral education, social relationships, and emotions.
  • Virtue ethics centers on the idea of achieving excellence (arete) through moral virtues.
  • Intellectual virtues involve reasoning; moral virtues concern character traits like honesty.

Aristotle on Happiness

  • Happiness results from living virtuously, acquired through consistent moral behavior.
  • Virtue Ethics emphasizes the right action consistent with virtuous character in any circumstance.

Vices

  • Vices prevent flourishing, existing as opposites of virtues.
  • Virtues are often positioned between two extremes, e.g., courage is between cowardliness and rashness.

Case for Virtue Ethics

  • Emphasizes virtues over obligations or consequences, aligning ethical focus with moral character.
  • Recognizes that moral skills develop through practice over time and acknowledges the role of emotions.

Case Against Virtue Ethics

  • Disagreements exist on which traits constitute virtues for flourishing.
  • Limited applicability to government policy-making and accountability for actions.

Comparing Workable Ethical Theories

  • Ethical objectivism asserts morality exists independently, contrasting with relativism which considers morality as a human construct.
  • Workable ethical theories share characteristics like logical reasoning and factual bases.
  • Examples include Kantianism, utilitarianism, social contract theory, and virtue ethics.

Morality of Breaking the Law

  • From a social contract theory perspective, societal burdens are accepted for rights protection, emphasizing law obedience unless higher moral obligations compel disobedience.
  • Kantianism argues against subverting laws under the guise of justice due to potential consequences for society.
  • Rule utilitarianism weighs the happiness produced against societal respect for law.
  • Act utilitarianism examines specific scenarios where benefits of breaking the law could outweigh harms.

Summary of Theories

  • Kantianism: Advocates respect for equal personhood and rationality in interactions.
  • Utilitarianism: Prioritizes outcome considerations in moral decisions.
  • Social Contract Theory: Encourages collective promotion of human rights.
  • Virtue Ethics: Trusts in virtuous individuals to make right choices based on character.

Personal Ethical Decision-Making

  • Encourages individual reflection on moral duties, rights, consequences, and virtues.
  • Prompts consideration of personal aspirations for character and societal context.

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This quiz explores the benefits and costs of living in communities, examining economic specialization and its impact on living standards. It also delves into ethical perspectives, contrasting selfish and ethical worldviews, and defining key concepts such as society, morality, and ethics.

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