Questions and Answers
What is a common characteristic of focal nodular hyperplasia in the liver?
Which condition suggests a higher risk for liver mass malignancy?
What is suggested when the liver exhibits a coarse texture and a nodular surface?
When multiple cysts are found in the liver, what should be the next diagnostic step?
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What does a more hyperechoic liver compared to the renal cortex suggest?
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What is considered aneurysmal for the aorta?
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Which segment of the aorta is most commonly affected by abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA)?
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What are the characteristics of a fusiform aneurysm?
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What is the normal maximum measurement for the common iliac arteries?
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What is the first major branch of the abdominal aorta?
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What is the medical term for an enlarged liver?
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What is the maximum diameter for the pancreatic duct (Duct of Wirsung)?
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Which structure identifies the posterior aspect of the head of the pancreas?
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Study Notes
Common Aortic Pathologies
- Conditions include aneurysms, aortic dissections, pseudoaneurysms, and plaque buildup.
- Aneurysm measurement is considered normal if less than 3 cm; over 3 cm is classified as aneurysmal.
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA)
- Most common in the infrarenal segment, located below the renal arteries and above the iliac bifurcation.
- Symptoms include abdominal pain, difficulty breathing, and swelling.
- Risk factors encompass age, smoking, hypertension, atherosclerosis, male gender, Caucasian ethnicity, family history, and trauma.
- AAA types: saccular, fusiform, and pseudoaneurysm.
Abdominal Aorta Branches
- Major branches include the celiac trunk and the superior mesenteric artery.
Vascular Measurements
- Normal common iliac arteries should measure less than 1.5 cm.
- Maximum diameter for the inferior vena cava (IVC) is less than 2.0 cm.
IVC Filter
- An IVC filter is utilized to prevent pulmonary embolism.
Acute Pancreatitis
- Symptoms include abdominal pain and elevated amylase and lipase levels.
- Sonographically, the pancreas appears hypoechoic and enlarged, with peripancreatic fluid.
- The normal diameter for the pancreatic duct (Duct of Wirsung) is 2 mm.
Pancreatic Landmarks
- The gastroduodenal artery denotes the anterior aspect of the pancreatic head.
- The common bile duct indicates the posterior aspect of the pancreatic head.
- Key landmarks in a sagittal view include the aorta, IVC, celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, and splenic vein.
Liver Measurements and Pathologies
- Normal liver measurement ranges from 15 to 17 cm, with enlarged liver termed hepatomegaly.
- Most common benign liver tumor is a cavernous hemangioma, characterized as oval/round, well-defined, hyperechoic with possible enhancement.
- Second most common benign liver tumor is focal nodular hyperplasia, showing variable echogenicity, well-circumscribed, often subcapsular with radiating vascularity.
- Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the primary malignant liver tumor.
- History of chronic liver disease or cirrhosis raises suspicion for malignancy in liver masses.
Further Evaluations and Landmarks
- In cases of multiple cysts in the liver, the gallbladder should be scanned next.
- Anatomical landmarks for the liver include the right and left lobes, falciform ligament, hepatic veins, and portal veins.
Acute Hepatitis
- Symptoms involve fever, loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and malaise.
- Sonographic appearances consist of hypoechoic liver parenchyma with hyperechoic portal vein borders, also showing enlarged liver/spleen and thickened gallbladder wall.
Liver Pathologies
- If the liver appears more hyperechoic than the renal cortex, fatty liver disease is suggested.
- A coarse texture and nodular surface of the liver indicates potential cirrhosis.
- Normal hepatic vein flow direction is hepatofugal.
Ligamentum Teres
- This structure is a remnant of the fetal umbilical vein, serving as an extension of the left portal vein.
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Description
Test your knowledge on liver tumors, including common types like hepatocellular carcinoma, and anatomical landmarks of the liver. This quiz covers key characteristics, imaging findings, and clinical history relevant to liver masses. Perfect for medical students or healthcare professionals!
