MODULE 1_UNIT 1(T/F)

Hepatocytes make up approximately 90% of the liver volume.

Kupffer cells contain immunoglobulins and complement receptors, making them the main site for clearance of antigen-antibody complexes in arterial blood.

Stellate cells are capable of synthesizing nitric oxide and regulating liver blood flow.

Oval cells are liver stem cells involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates.

The liver has no metabolic functions related to ammonia.

Bile salts, lipids, proteins, and coagulation factors are examples of biological compounds that the liver can synthesize.

Hepatocytes store substances such as calcium and vitamins A, D, E, and K within their cellular structure.

The conjugation function of the liver involves converting toxic substances into more toxic forms.

The bile canaliculi are small spaces between the hepatocytes that form intrahepatic ducts.

The intrahepatic ducts drain excretory products of the cell.

The right and left hepatic ducts merge to form separate bile ducts.

The common hepatic duct is joined with the pancreatic duct to form the common bile duct.

The hepatic artery supplies approximately 75% of the total blood supply to the liver.

The portal vein supplies nutrient-rich blood from the digestive tract to the liver.

The liver receives blood supply only from the hepatic artery.

The cystic duct of the gallbladder merges with the common bile duct.

Bilirubin is the principal pigment of bile.

Cholesterol is not a component of the yellow-brownish fluid produced in the body.

Bile pigment, bilirubin, is produced exclusively from the catabolism of heme-containing proteins.

A healthy adult should exhibit very high levels of total bilirubin in their serum.

Iron released from the breakdown of heme is stored in the kidneys for reuse.

Biliverdin is converted to bilirubin by biliverdin reductase in the presence of ATP.

Unconjugated bilirubin is transported to the liver bound to albumin.

Bilirubin enters hepatocytes via simple diffusion.

Unconjugated bilirubin is transported by ligandin to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum for conjugation.

Bilirubin diglucuronide is formed after the addition of a glucuronic acid molecule to the propionic acid side chains of bilirubin.

Conjugated bilirubin is secreted from the hepatocyte into the blood vessels.

Mesobilirubin is formed from unconjugated bilirubin through a reduction process.

Urobilinogen is mainly excreted in the urine.

Roughly 80% of urobilinogen undergoes oxidation to form urobilin.

The extrahepatic circulation recycles about 30% of the urobilinogen back to the liver.

Intestinal epithelial cells and bacteria produce mesobilirubin from unconjugated bilirubin via hydrolysis.

The liver filters blood to remove small toxins.

Gallstones are mostly formed from precipitated fats, not cholesterol.

The liver synthesizes and secretes bile into the blood.

Excretion of bilirubin and bile acids occurs through urine.

The gallbladder is located anteriorly in the surface of the liver.

Detoxification is one of the functions of the liver.

The liver first pass mechanism prevents harmful substances from reaching the circulation directly from the GIT.

The liver extracts organic compounds from sinusoidal blood for excretion into urine.