Liver Functions and Hormones Quiz

The liver breaks down harmful substances like drugs and alcohol into less dangerous forms that can be removed from the body.

The liver plays a key role in processing carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. It maintains blood sugar levels by storing and releasing glucose as needed.

The liver contains Kupffer cells, specialized immune cells that engulf and destroy harmful substances in the blood.

The liver produces cholesterol, which is essential for building cell membranes, steroid hormones, and bile.

The liver stores essential vitamins and minerals, like vitamins A, D, E, K, and B12, as well as iron and copper.

The liver controls blood sugar levels by converting glucose into glycogen, breaking down glycogen to release glucose, and producing glucose from other sources.

The liver produces bile, a digestive fluid that helps break down fats in the small intestine.

The liver plays a fundamental role in maintaining overall health and well-being by performing essential functions like detoxification, metabolism, immune response, and production of key substances.

GH stimulates growth, cell reproduction, and cell regeneration. It promotes the growth of bones and muscles and regulates metabolism.

Excess GH can lead to gigantism in children or acromegaly in adults, while a deficiency can result in dwarfism.

Prolactin promotes milk production in the mammary glands after childbirth.

Hyperprolactinemia, an excess of prolactin, can cause infertility and menstrual irregularities in women.

FSH stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles in females and spermatogenesis in males.

LH triggers ovulation in females and stimulates testosterone production in males.

TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones (T3 and T4), which regulate metabolism.

High TSH levels may indicate hypothyroidism, while low levels may indicate hyperthyroidism.

Estrogens are involved in the development of typical female features. Testosterone contributes to the development of typical male features.

Adrenaline prepares the body for 'fight or flight' response during stressful situations, by increasing heart rate, dilating airways, and mobilizing energy.

Noradrenaline increases blood pressure to maintain blood flow to essential organs during stress.

Somatostatin acts like a brake on the release of various hormones, including growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, insulin, and glucagon.

Substance P plays a crucial role in communication of pain signals in the nervous system and plays a part in inflammatory responses.

Adrenal glands produce small amounts of estrogens and testosterone.

Adrenal disorders can cause imbalances in these sex hormones, affecting sexual development and function.

Both hormones prepare the body for 'fight or flight' response. However, Adrenaline primarily focuses on heart rate and energy mobilization, while Noradrenaline focuses on blood vessel constriction and maintaining blood pressure.

A complex system that helps regulate blood pressure and fluid balance. It involves a chain reaction, starting with the kidneys releasing renin, leading to the production of angiotensin II, which causes vasoconstriction and stimulates aldosterone release, resulting in increased sodium and water reabsorption.

A hormone produced by the adrenal cortex, released in response to stress. It triggers the body's 'fight or flight' response by increasing blood pressure, blood sugar, and energy levels.

A condition caused by prolonged exposure to high cortisol levels, often due to an adrenal or pituitary tumor. It leads to symptoms like weight gain, hypertension, muscle weakness, and characteristic facial features.

Receptors found in blood vessels, primarily responsible for causing vasoconstriction and an increase in blood pressure.

Receptors located mainly in the heart, responsible for increasing heart rate and the force of contraction.

Receptors found in the lungs and other tissues, causing bronchodilation (widening of airways) and relaxation of smooth muscle.

A hormone produced in the hypothalamus, playing a crucial role in childbirth, breastfeeding, and social bonding. It stimulates uterine contractions, milk ejection, and promotes feelings of attachment.

A hormone also known as vasopressin, produced in the hypothalamus. It regulates water balance in the body by increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys, reducing urine output, and maintaining blood pressure.

Aldosterone is a hormone primarily responsible for regulating the balance of sodium and potassium in the body. It helps maintain blood pressure and electrolyte levels.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is released in response to low blood calcium levels. It stimulates the release of calcium from bones, increasing calcium levels in the blood.

Melatonin, a hormone associated with sleep-wake cycles, is primarily produced by the pineal gland.

Cortisol, often referred to as the 'stress hormone,' has a primary effect of suppressing the immune system. It helps manage stressful situations but chronic high levels can have negative effects.

During fasting, the liver breaks down glycogen stores to release glucose into the blood (glycogenolysis). This process helps maintain blood sugar levels. It also produces glucose from non-carbohydrate sources (gluconeogenesis). During feeding, the liver stores excess glucose as glycogen (glycogenesis).

Chronic exposure to cortisol can lead to weight gain, high blood pressure, high blood sugar levels, muscle weakness, osteoporosis, and weakened immune function.

Addison's disease is caused by adrenal insufficiency, leading to insufficient production of aldosterone and cortisol. Aldosterone deficiency causes sodium loss and potassium retention, while cortisol deficiency contributes to fatigue, weakness, and other symptoms.

Treatment options for Addison's disease include hormone replacement therapy, which aims to supplement the deficient hormones. Lifelong hormone replacement is often necessary.

Thymosin is a hormone produced by the thymus gland. Its primary function is to promote the maturation of T cells, which are essential for the adaptive immune response. T cells are a type of white blood cell that helps target and destroy specific pathogens.

The thymus gland is a small, soft organ located in the chest, just behind the breastbone. It plays a crucial role in the development of the immune system, particularly during childhood. The thymus produces thymosin, which helps T cells mature and become functional.

T cells, also known as T lymphocytes, are a type of white blood cell that play a crucial role in the adaptive immune response. They are produced in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus. They then circulate in the blood and lymph, searching for and destroying specific foreign invaders.

A dysfunction in the thymus gland can lead to immunodeficiency, where the body is weakened and more susceptible to infections. This happens because the thymus is not producing enough thymosin, leading to a shortage of mature and functional T cells.

Melatonin is a hormone produced by the pineal gland, a small gland located in the brain. It primarily regulates the sleep-wake cycle, also known as the circadian rhythm. Melatonin is produced in response to darkness and helps induce sleep.

The pineal gland, often called the 'third eye', is a small gland located deep inside the brain. It's mainly known for producing melatonin, a hormone that regulates the sleep-wake cycle. It also plays a role in hormone regulation and sexual development.

Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas. It plays a vital role in regulating blood glucose levels. It helps lower blood sugar by promoting the uptake of glucose from the bloodstream into cells for energy.

Glucagon is a hormone produced by the pancreas. It works opposite to insulin by raising blood glucose levels. When blood sugar drops too low, glucagon stimulates the liver to release stored glucose into the bloodstream.