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Questions and Answers
What is the normal ratio of albumin to globulin in plasma?
What is the normal ratio of albumin to globulin in plasma?
- 3:1
- 1:2
- 2:1 (correct)
- 4:1
Which of the following coagulation factors is NOT synthesized by the liver?
Which of the following coagulation factors is NOT synthesized by the liver?
- Factor X
- Factor VII
- Factor VIII (correct)
- Factor IX
What is the primary organ responsible for converting ammonia to urea?
What is the primary organ responsible for converting ammonia to urea?
- Kidneys
- Pancreas
- Spleen
- Liver (correct)
In chronic liver disease, which of the following is typically affected?
In chronic liver disease, which of the following is typically affected?
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What is the primary reason for increased globulin levels in liver disease?
What is the primary reason for increased globulin levels in liver disease?
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What is the primary use of immuno-electrophoresis in liver disease?
What is the primary use of immuno-electrophoresis in liver disease?
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Study Notes
Liver Function and Plasma Proteins
- Total plasma proteins: 6-8 gm%
- Albumin: 4-5 gm%, synthesized entirely in the liver
- Globulins: 2-3 gm%, synthesized in the liver (a, B) and reticuloendothelial system (RES)
Albumin-Globulin Ratio
- Normal A:G ratio: 2:1
- In chronic liver disease: A:G ratio may be reversed
Liver Function and Coagulation
- Liver synthesizes all coagulation factors except factor VIII
Amino Acid Metabolism
- Amino acids are degraded by transamination and oxidative deamination to produce ammonia
- Ammonia is converted to urea by the liver and excreted by the kidneys
Chronic Liver Disease
- Albumin and total globulins decrease to maintain normal total plasma proteins
- Globulins increase in liver disease due to:
- Antibody response against antigens released from damaged liver cells
- Antigens absorbed from the gut and not cleared by the diseased liver
- Viral antigens
Immuno-Electrophoresis
- Used to identify the type of immunoglobulin (Ig)
- IgG: chronic active hepatitis
- IgA: alcoholic liver disease
- IgM: primary biliary cirrhosis
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