Liver Function and Embryology Quiz
41 Questions
2 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which tumor marker is associated with Medullary Thyroid Cancer?

  • CA 125
  • CEA
  • Calcitonin (correct)
  • Lactate Dehydrogenase

    • What is the primary use of monitoring PT, INR, PTT, and Platelets?

  • To ensure proper clotting factors prior to invasive procedures (correct)
  • To evaluate renal function
  • To diagnose cancer types
  • To assess liver function

    • Which of the following tumor markers is linked to prostate cancer?

  • CA 19-9
  • HCG
  • CA 72-4
  • PSA (correct)

    • Which tumor marker is related to ovarian cancer?

    <p>CA 125</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a high level of Alkaline Phosphatase indicate primarily?

    <p>Bone cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main job of the liver?

    <p>Filter blood coming from the digestive tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the remnant of the umbilical vein called after birth?

    <p>Ligament Teres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is indicated by a liver size greater than 15.5 cm?

    <p>Hepatomegaly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure bypasses the liver in fetal circulation?

    <p>Ductus Venosus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the liver primarily located?

    <p>Right Hypochondrium and Epigastrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What shape is the liver described as?

    <p>Wedge shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause hepatomegaly?

    <p>Infection, hepatic tumors, or metabolic disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is liver size typically measured?

    <p>At the MID-CLAVICULAR sagittal or coronal MID-AXIAL plane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the coronary ligament?

    <p>To suspend the liver from the diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament is a remnant of the umbilical vein?

    <p>Ligamentum teres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the falciform ligament play in liver anatomy?

    <p>It separates the right and left lobes of the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hepatic ligament can appear round or triangular when visualized?

    <p>Ligamentum teres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the presence of ascites, which ligament is identifiable as it courses between the abdominal wall and the left lobe of the liver?

    <p>Falciform ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament is formed by the upper and lower ends of the coronary ligaments?

    <p>Right triangular ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What echogenicity characteristic is true of a normal liver?

    <p>It is hyper-echoic compared to the renal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the number of functions performed by the liver?

    <p>It is essential to life performing over 500 separate activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three primary lobes of the liver?

    <p>Right, Left, Caudate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the liver anatomically divided into lobes?

    <p>Based on the distribution of the Portal and Hepatic veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which segment corresponds to the caudate lobe?

    <p>Segment I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the second order division of the liver?

    <p>Division by hepatic veins into four segments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the liver is supplied by both the right and left portal veins?

    <p>Caudate lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many total segments does the liver have following the third order division?

    <p>8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines intersegmental vessels in the liver?

    <p>Hepatic veins that lie between lobes and segments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about portal veins is true?

    <p>They are intrasegmental vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of the portal triad?

    <p>Encased by Glisson’s capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which segments belong to the left medial part of the liver?

    <p>Segments IVa &amp; IVb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cell is the most abundant in the liver and carries out most metabolic functions?

    <p>Hepatocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which liver function test is more specific for liver disease than AST?

    <p>Alanine Aminotransferase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an increased level of Gamma Glutamyl Transpeptidase (GGT) indicate?

    <p>Hepatocellular disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is associated with elevated Alpha Fetoprotein (AFP) levels?

    <p>Hepatocellular carcinoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a low platelet concentration indicate?

    <p>Thrombocytopenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Kupffer cells in the liver?

    <p>Phagocytose pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of an elevated AST without an increase in ALT?

    <p>Indicates myocardial infarction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is used primarily to monitor patients on anticoagulant therapy?

    <p>Prothrombin Time (PT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is primarily associated with tissue damage in various body organs, including the liver?

    <p>Lactic Dehydrogenase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tests characterizes blood coagulation and detects abnormalities in clotting factors?

    <p>Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Liver Function

    • Primary role: filtering blood from the digestive tract
    • Detoxifies chemicals
    • Processes drugs
    • Secretes bile which returns to the intestines
    • Produces proteins essential for blood clotting and other bodily functions

    Embryology and Fetal Circulation

    • Umbilical vein carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus
    • After birth, the umbilical vein closes and becomes the Ligamentum teres
    • Ligamentum teres originates from the umbilicus and extends to the left portal vein
    • The ductus venosus bypasses the liver during fetal development and closes after birth to form the Ligamentum venosum

    Liver Location

    • Located in the right hypochondrium
    • May extend into the left hypochondrium, depending on size and shape
    • Variable shape that can be categorized as irregular, hemispherical, or wedge-shaped

    Liver Size

    • Difficult to accurately assess due to limitations of ultrasound
    • Measured superior-inferiorly at the mid-clavicular sagittal or coronal mid-axial plane
    • Hepatomegaly, exceeding 15.5 cm in superior-inferior dimension, may indicate infections, tumors, or congenital/metabolic disorders.
    • Reidel’s lobe, an inferior projection of the right lobe, may resemble hepatomegaly

    Liver Anatomy

    • Divided into three lobes: right, left, and caudate
    • Quadrate lobe is considered the medial aspect of the left lobe
    • Divisions are based on portal and hepatic vein distribution
    • First order division encompasses the right and left lobes
    • Second order division further subdivides into four segments: left lateral, left medial, right anterior, and right posterior
    • Third order division creates eight segments:
      • Segment I: Caudate lobe
      • Segment II: Left lateral superior
      • Segment III: Left lateral inferior
      • Segment IVa: Left medial superior
      • Segment IVb: Left medial inferior
      • Segment V: Right anterior inferior
      • Segment VI: Right posterior inferior
      • Segment VII: Right posterior superior
      • Segment VIII: Right anterior superior

    Hepatic and Portal Veins

    • Hepatic veins (intersegmental) course between lobes and segments
    • Portal veins (intrasegmental) course to the center of each segment
    • Portal triad: main portal vein, proper hepatic artery, common hepatic duct

    Liver Blood Supply

    • Liver receives a dual blood supply
    • Hepatic ligaments:
      • Coronary ligament: Connects the posterior-superior surface of the liver to the diaphragm; highly reflective on ultrasound, surrounds the bare area
      • Right and left triangular ligaments: Formed by the upper and lower ends of the coronary ligaments; highly reflective on ultrasound
      • Ligamentum teres: Remnant of the umbilical vein; highly reflective, appears round or triangular
      • Falciform ligament: Broad, thin, anterior-posterior fold of the parietal peritoneum; separates the right and left lobes on the anterior surface

    Liver Echogenicity

    • Normal liver is homogeneous and slightly hyperechoic compared to the renal cortex
    • Echogenicity comparisons should be made between structures

    Liver Physiology

    • Essential for life, performing over 500 distinct activities
    • Single liver cell functions are diverse, capable of carrying out:
      • Production of chemical compounds
      • Short- and long- term storage
      • Heat production
      • Waste excretion
      • Tissue regeneration
    • Composed of three cell types:
      • Hepatocytes (most abundant; carry out most metabolic functions)
      • Biliary epithelial cells (line the biliary system, including ducts, canaliculi, and the gallbladder)
      • Kupffer cells (phagocytic cells that line the sinusoids and belong to the reticuloendothelial system)

    Liver Function Tests (LFTs)

    • Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) / SGOT: Present in the liver, heart, skeletal muscle, kidney, and brain. An elevated AST alone is non-specific for liver disease.
    • Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) / SGPT: More specific for liver disease than AST; present in high levels within liver tissue. Elevated AST and LDH with a normal ALT rules out hepatic disease.
    • Gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT): Present in hepatocytes and bile duct epithelium. Elevated GGT indicates hepatocellular disease and biliary obstruction.
    • Lactic dehydrogenase (LDH): Enzyme found in many body tissues. Elevated LDH indicates cellular damage; LDH4 and LDH5 are found in the liver and may be elevated in cirrhosis and chronic viral hepatitis.
    • Alpha fetoprotein (AFP): Protein produced by the fetal liver; elevated levels can indicate hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), germ cell tumors, metastatic liver disease, or hepatoblastoma in children.
    • Platelets: Contribute to hemostasis; thrombocytopenia (low platelet count) and thrombocytosis (elevated platelet count)
    • Prothrombin time (PT): Clotting factor; used to diagnose unexplained bleeding or blood clots; monitored in patients taking blood thinners (Warfarin or Coumadin).
    • International normalized ratio (INR): Standardized measurement of PT used to monitor patients on blood thinners.
    • Partial thromboplastin time (PTT): Used to monitor patients on Heparin

    Tumor Markers

    • Important for diagnosing and monitoring various types of cancers.
    • Alpha fetoprotein (AFP): HCC and germ cell tumors
    • Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG): Germ cell tumors and testicular cancer
    • Prostate-specific antigen (PSA): Prostate cancer
    • CA 15-3 and CA 27-29: Breast cancer
    • CA 125: Ovarian and uterine cancer
    • CA 72-4 & CA 19-9: Pancreatic, lung, gastric, colorectal, and biliary cancers
    • Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA): Bile duct, bladder, uterine, breast, GI, esophageal, and colorectal cancers
    • Calcitonin: Medullary thyroid cancer
    • Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH): Gastrointestinal and germ cell tumors
    • Alkaline phosphatase: Bone and liver disorders
    • CEA: Bile duct, bladder, uterine, breast, GI, esophageal, and colorectal cancers

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Liver Anatomy Part 1 Son 2111 PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers key aspects of liver function, its physiological role in processing blood and detoxifying chemicals, as well as embryological features like fetal circulation and the development of ligaments. It provides insights into the anatomical location and variability of liver size, essential for medical students and healthcare professionals alike.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser