43 Questions
What is the weight of the liver?
1.5 kg
Where is the gallbladder located in relation to the liver?
On the inferior side of the liver
What covers the liver and other abdominal organs?
Visceral peritoneum
What is the approximate number of lobules in the human liver?
50-100
Which cells make up approximately 90% of the total mass of the liver?
Hepatocytes
What is the approximate percentage of resting cardiac output that liver blood flow represents?
27%
Where do O2 blood and nutrient-rich deoxygenated blood mix in the liver?
Sinusoid spaces
Which cells in the liver eradicate foreign matter or microbes?
Kupffer cells
What can the liver do in response to increased right atrial and ventricular pressure in the heart?
Expand and store extra blood
What is the approximate percentage of lymph flow that the liver accounts for in the body?
50%
What happens to the liver's overall function when it is unable to regenerate due to fibrosis, inflammation, or viral infection?
Deteriorates
Which protein is produced by the liver and is responsible for transporting absorbed dietary iron in the blood?
Transferrin
What is the active form of vitamin D synthesized by the kidneys?
Calcitriol
What can happen if the iron storage mechanisms are overwhelmed and too much iron stays in the system?
Hemochromatosis
Where does the conversion of vitamin D to 25-hydroxycholcalciferol occur?
Liver
Which cells contain large amounts of apoferrin and can reversible combine with iron to form ferritin?
Hepatocytes
What is the form of vitamin D that is usually measured as an indication of vitamin D levels?
25-hydroxycholcalciferol
What is the non-toxic intracellular iron storage protein that can release iron when iron levels drop?
Ferritin
Which disease is caused by a genetic mutation that impairs biliary excretion of copper leading to its accumulation and liver disease?
Wilson Disease
What is the main detox system in the liver?
Cytochrome P450
What is the byproduct of the destruction of aged RBCs and the main bile pigment found in bile?
Bilirubin
What is the drug given to bring down ammonia levels in liver failure?
Lactulose
What is the alternate pathway to metabolize alcohol and some other drugs in the liver?
MEOS
What is the major route for excreting calcium by the liver?
Into bile
Which component of aged RBCs is broken down into heme and globin in Kupffer cells?
Hemoglobin
What gives bile the greenish-black color and produces the yellow tinge of jaundice?
Bilirubin
What is the lipid soluble form of bilirubin that binds to albumin in the blood?
Unconjugated or free bilirubin
What is the essential pigment for fat absorption produced in the liver?
Bile and bile salts
What can the liver store in large quantities, up to a 2 year's supply?
Vitamin A
What is the main detox system in the liver?
Cytochrome P450
What is the alternate pathway to metabolize alcohol and some other drugs in the liver?
MEOS
What is the primary function of the gallbladder?
Storing and concentrating bile
What is the role of the liver in glucose homeostasis?
Regulates glucose levels in the blood
What is the function of bile salts from the liver in the small intestine?
Form micelles to aid in fat absorption
What is the primary responsibility of neurohumoral control in the liver and gallbladder?
Regulates gallbladder contractions and biliary secretion
What is the main function of hepatocytes in fat metabolism?
Store triglycerides and synthesize lipoproteins
What is the purpose of enterohepatic circulation in the body?
Efficiently recycles bile salts
What is the primary role of the liver in cholesterol metabolism?
Converts cholesterol into bile salts
What is the primary function of the portal venous circulation in the liver?
Drains nutrient-rich blood from the GI tract directly to the liver
What is the primary responsibility of the liver in phospholipid and cholesterol transport?
Synthesizes and transports phospholipids and cholesterol to all body cells
What is the primary function of the gallbladder in fat digestion?
Storing and concentrating bile
What is the primary role of the liver in triglyceride metabolism?
Plays a crucial role in fat metabolism, including the transformation and absorption of triglycerides
What is the primary function of bile salts in the small intestine?
Emulsification of fat droplets to aid in the absorption of cholesterol and fats
Study Notes
Liver and Bile Function
- Portal venous circulation drains nutrient-rich blood from the GI tract directly to the liver before releasing it into circulation
- Enterohepatic circulation efficiently recycles bile salts, with less than 5% loss per day
- Gallbladder has 4 parts and is responsible for storing and concentrating bile
- Neurohumoral control regulates gallbladder contractions and biliary secretion in response to nutrients
- Liver stores dietary carbohydrates and regulates glucose levels in the blood
- Liver is capable of gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis to maintain glucose homeostasis
- The liver uses various metabolic pathways and enzymes to adjust circulating glucose levels
- Hepatocytes store triglycerides, synthesize lipoproteins, and convert cholesterol into bile salts
- Liver synthesizes and transports phospholipids and cholesterol to all body cells
- Liver plays a crucial role in fat metabolism, including the transformation and absorption of triglycerides
- Bile salts from the liver form micelles to aid in the absorption of fats in the small intestine
- Emulsification of fat droplets with bile salts facilitates the absorption of cholesterol and fats in the small intestine
Test your knowledge of liver and bile function with this quiz! Explore the roles of the liver in metabolism, glucose regulation, and fat absorption, as well as the functions of bile in emulsifying fats and aiding in their absorption. Brush up on key concepts such as enterohepatic circulation and gallbladder function.
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