Liver Anatomy and Functions Quiz

Organs enclosed within the peritoneum, covered by visceral and parietal peritoneum.

The membrane covering the organs.

The membrane lining the abdominal wall.

Spaces in the abdomen that can hold fluids.

Free fluid in the intraperitoneal cavities.

Organs behind the peritoneum.

The space behind the peritoneum.

Space beneath the diaphragm.

The liver is divided into 3 main lobes: right, left, and caudate.

Structures of portal vein, hepatic artery, and bile duct, which deliver blood and bile into the hepatocytes (liver cells).

A system for dividing the liver into segments based on its vasculature (blood vessels).

Blood flow directed towards the liver (portal vein and hepatic artery).

Blood flow directed away from the liver (hepatic veins).

Round ligament formed by the closure of the umbilical vein, an in-utero blood vessel.

Ligament formed by the closure of the ductus venosus, an in-utero vessel.

Liver lobe separated from the left lobe by the ligamentum venosum and bordered by the inferior vena cava.

The most common primary liver cancer. It's associated with chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, and hepatitis. Elevated AFP (alphafetoprotein) is a tumor marker.

Usually a solitary, hypoechoic mass on ultrasound.

The most common type of liver cancer, arising from other parts of the body. Often multiple masses are present.

Multiple masses with variable appearance on ultrasound. Hypoechoic for breast, lung, and lymphoma. Hyperechoic for colorectal cancer.

A childhood form of HCC, also associated with elevated AFP. Common in Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome.

Doppler flow patterns in a transplanted liver should resemble those of a normal native liver. Portal vein: hepatopetal flow with minimal phasicity. Hepatic artery: hepatopetal flow with low resistance. Hepatic veins: hepatofugal flow with pulsatile appearance.

Abnormal Doppler patterns suggest rejection. Elevated resistance in hepatic artery, thrombosed or hepatofugal flow in portal vein.

A transient increase in RI (resistive index) in the hepatic artery is common shortly after transplant.

Cancer within the bile ducts, often at the junction of right and left hepatic ducts (Klatskin tumor). It causes ductal dilation above the tumor, leading to jaundice, RUQ pain, and weight loss.

Yellowing of the skin/eyes and elevated direct bilirubin caused by a blockage in the bile ducts. Often comes with pain and elevated ALP.

Yellowing of the skin/eyes and elevated direct bilirubin caused by liver dysfunction. Often has elevated ALP, ALT, and AST, but not necessarily pain.

Narrowing or absence of the biliary tree, seen in newborns/infants. Causes neonatal jaundice and liver failure, incompatible with life.

Cystic dilatation of the common bile duct (CBD), found in infants and children.

Cancer in the pancreas, often in the head, causing biliary obstruction. Similar clinical and sonographic findings as cholangiocarcinoma, including jaundice and dilated ducts.

A congenital variant of the gallbladder, typically a fold in the fundus.

Congenital folds in the gallbladder, located near the neck.

The layered appearance of normal bowel wall on ultrasound, seen as alternating echogenic and hypoechoic layers. This is a pattern specific to the bowel, hence the name 'gut signature'.

Normal bowel is compressible with ultrasound pressure, while abnormal bowels may be non-compressible. This is a key indicator of bowel pathology.

A characteristic finding on ultrasound of the bowel with alternating echogenicity and non-compressible layers. This indicates thickened bowel wall, which is abnormal.

Inflammation of the appendix, a small blind-ended tube that extends from the cecum, causing intense abdominal pain. Often leads to surgery.

It suggests a thickened bowel wall, likely indicating inflammation, blockage, or other pathology in the GI tract.

A specialized technique used in GI sonography to assess bowel wall thickness and compressibility to determine if it's normal or abnormal.

A device placed in the inferior vena cava (IVC) to trap blood clots from the legs and prevent them from travelling to the lungs, reducing the risk of pulmonary embolism.

Compression of the left renal vein between the aorta and the superior mesenteric artery, causing symptoms like pain and blood in the urine.

The ideal angle for B-mode scanning is 90 degrees, also known as perpendicular imaging angle. This ensures optimal visualization of smooth interfaces, such as vessel walls or biopsy needles.

Higher frequency transducers provide better resolution but have shallower penetration. Lower frequency transducers offer deeper penetration but with less detail. Choosing the right frequency depends on the imaging depth and the area of interest.

In most Doppler systems, red on the color scale indicates flow towards the probe or transducer. This means the blood is moving towards the top of the screen.

In most Doppler systems, blue on the color scale indicates flow away from the probe or transducer. This means the blood is moving towards the bottom of the screen.

The color box should be adjusted to cover the area of interest. It helps to focus the Doppler signals and analyze blood flow within a specific region.

The Doppler scale should be adjusted to fit the type of flow being evaluated. This ensures the flow is appropriately represented on the color scale.

The color gain should be adjusted to fill the vessel with color without 'bleeding' out of the vessel walls. This helps in accurately visualizing the flow and boundaries.

Some artifacts can be beneficial for diagnosis, such as posterior shadowing or the twinkle sign, which can help confirm the presence of a stone.