Questions and Answers
What are the functions of the Liver?
Enzyme Production, Digestion, Metabolism, Storage, Detoxification
Main Lobar Fissure separates the _____ and _____ lobes of the liver.
Right, Left
Which Hepatic Vein is contained in the Main Lobar Fissure?
Middle
The Main Lobar Fissure connects the _____ and the _____.
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Right Intersegmental Fissure divides the ____ lobe into _____ and _______ segments.
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Which Hepatic Vein is contained in the Right Intersegmental Fissure?
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Falciform Ligament is located ____ to the liver, and divides it into ____ and ____.
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What ligament runs concurrently and is seen extrahepatically?
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Ligamentum Teres is also known as?
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Ligamentum Teres divides the _____ side of the liver into ____ and ____ sections.
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Ligamentum Venosum is between the ____ lobe of the liver, and the _____ lobe.
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Right Hepatic Vein divides the liver into ____ and ____.
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Middle Hepatic Vein divides the _____ and _____ lobe.
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Left Hepatic Vein divides the _____ lobe into ______ and _____.
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Name the 12 Liver Tests:
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What are AST's?
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Albumin is the?
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ALT is an enzyme made by the liver that will ____ with liver disease.
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Urinary Urobilinogen in the urine is a sign of Liver Disease. It is formed by the breakdown of what?
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Bilirubin is the breakdown of what?
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Indirect (Conjugated) Bilirubin increases with?
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Direct (Unconjugated) Bilirubin increases with?
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Prothrombin Time is a blood test that measures the time it takes for blood to clot and predicts the severity of the liver disease.
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A decrease of PT will ______ (increase/decrease) the clotting time.
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Hematocrit _______ (decreases/increases) with severe liver disease.
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LDH is an enzyme that produces....
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LDH levels (rises/decreases) in response to cell damage.
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Alpha Fetoprotein is a protein produced by a ______, and is elevated in pregnant women with liver disease.
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___________ (Increased/Decreased) bilirubin produces dark urine.
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___________ (Increased/Decreased) bilirubin produces light stool.
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Liver Damage is defined as...
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What are the causes of Liver Disease?
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What are the primary & late clinical signs of Liver Disease?
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What are the causes of Hepatomegaly?
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What are the 4 Diffuse Liver Diseases?
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Name the 3 phases of Hepatitis and how long they last.
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What are the main Hepatitis LFT's?
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What are the sonographic signs of Hepatitis?
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Fatty Infiltration, also known as Fatty Liver Disease, is common among people with?
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What are the characteristics of Grade 1 Fatty Liver Disease (Mild)?
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What are the characteristics of Grade 2 Fatty Liver Disease (Moderate)?
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What are the characteristics of Grade 3 Fatty Liver Disease (Severe)?
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What is the sonographic appearance of Cirrhosis?
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Study Notes
Functions of the Liver
- Enzyme production is vital for various biochemical reactions.
- Plays a crucial role in digestion and metabolism.
- Functions as a storage site for vitamins and minerals.
- Responsible for detoxification of harmful substances.
Main Lobar Fissure
- Separates the right and left lobes of the liver.
- Contains the middle hepatic vein, which is a mnemonic to remember 'Main = Middle.'
- Connects the gallbladder (GB) and inferior vena cava (IVC).
Right Intersegmental Fissure
- Divides the right lobe into anterior and posterior segments.
- Contains the right hepatic vein, aiding in liver segmentation.
Falciform Ligament
- Located anterior to the liver; divides it into left and right portions.
- Runs alongside the liver externally.
Ligamentum Teres
- Also referred to as the round ligament.
- Divides the left side of the liver into medial and lateral sections.
Ligamentum Venosum
- Positioned between the left lobe and the caudate lobe of the liver.
Hepatic Veins Functions
- Right hepatic vein divides the liver into anterior and posterior sections.
- Middle hepatic vein divides the right and left lobes.
- Left hepatic vein separates the left lobe into medial and lateral sections.
Liver Tests
- Includes a variety of tests such as AST, ALT, albumin levels, urobilinogen, alkaline phosphate, bilirubin, prothrombin time, hematocrit, lactic acid dehydrogenase, and alpha fetoprotein.
Specific Liver Tests
- AST: Enzyme found in the body; elevated levels indicate liver disease.
- ALT: Liver enzyme; increases with liver disease.
- Bilirubin: Breakdown product of hemoglobin; indicates liver function.
- Prothrombin Time: Measures blood clotting; increased time suggests liver dysfunction.
Signs of Liver Disease
- Primary: Abdominal pain, loss of appetite, dyspepsia, malaise, nausea and vomiting, dark urine, light stool, bloody stool.
- Late: Jaundice, itching, increased abdominal girth, unusual weight changes.
Causes of Hepatomegaly
- Includes inflammation, biliary obstruction, congestion, tumors, and cysts.
Diffuse Liver Disease
- Encompasses diseases like fatty liver disease, hepatitis, cirrhosis, and portal hypertension.
Hepatitis Phases
- Incubation Period: Occurs 2 weeks post-exposure; lasts 3-12 days.
- Icteric Phase: Lasts 2-6 weeks with jaundice.
- Recovery Phase: Resolutions within 6-8 weeks after exposure.
Hepatitis Laboratory Findings
- Increased AST, ALT, and bilirubin levels.
- Normal to low white blood cell (WBC) count.
Sonographic Signs in Hepatitis
- Usually exhibits a normal appearance, with potential signs of hepatomegaly and splenomegaly.
- Possible increased echoes of portal triads and thickening of the gallbladder wall.
Fatty Liver Disease
- Commonly associated with diabetes.
- Grade 1: Mild echogenicity with normal vessel visualization.
- Grade 2: Moderate echogenicity, slightly increased attenuation.
- Grade 3: Severe echogenicity and poor diaphragm visualization.
Cirrhosis Sonographic Appearance
- Associated with portal venous obstruction and liver failure.
- Characterized by coarse echo pattern, increased echogenicity, nodularity, enlarged caudate lobe, and shrunken left and right lobes.
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Description
Explore the intricate functions and anatomical structures of the liver, including its roles in digestion, metabolism, and detoxification. Learn about the different fissures and ligaments that define liver segmentation. This quiz provides essential insights into hepatic anatomy and physiology.