Functions and Anatomy of the Liver
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Questions and Answers

What are the functions of the Liver?

Enzyme Production, Digestion, Metabolism, Storage, Detoxification

Main Lobar Fissure separates the _____ and _____ lobes of the liver.

Right, Left

Which Hepatic Vein is contained in the Main Lobar Fissure?

Middle

The Main Lobar Fissure connects the _____ and the _____.

<p>GB, IVC</p> Signup and view all the answers

Right Intersegmental Fissure divides the ____ lobe into _____ and _______ segments.

<p>Right, Anterior, Posterior</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Hepatic Vein is contained in the Right Intersegmental Fissure?

<p>Right Hepatic Vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

Falciform Ligament is located ____ to the liver, and divides it into ____ and ____.

<p>anterior, left, right</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ligament runs concurrently and is seen extrahepatically?

<p>Falciform Ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ligamentum Teres is also known as?

<p>Round Ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ligamentum Teres divides the _____ side of the liver into ____ and ____ sections.

<p>Left, Medial, Lateral</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ligamentum Venosum is between the ____ lobe of the liver, and the _____ lobe.

<p>Left, Caudate</p> Signup and view all the answers

Right Hepatic Vein divides the liver into ____ and ____.

<p>Anterior, Posterior</p> Signup and view all the answers

Middle Hepatic Vein divides the _____ and _____ lobe.

<p>Right, Left</p> Signup and view all the answers

Left Hepatic Vein divides the _____ lobe into ______ and _____.

<p>Left, Medial, Lateral</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the 12 Liver Tests:

<p>AST, ALT, Albumin, Urinary Urobilinogen, Alkaline Phosphate, Bilirubin, Prothrombin Time, Fecal Urobilinogen, Hematocrit, Lactic Acid Dehydrogenase, Alpha Fetoprotein</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are AST's?

<p>Enzymes found in the body. Normally low. Will increase with liver disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Albumin is the?

<p>Protein of human blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

ALT is an enzyme made by the liver that will ____ with liver disease.

<p>Increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

Urinary Urobilinogen in the urine is a sign of Liver Disease. It is formed by the breakdown of what?

<p>Bilirubin</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bilirubin is the breakdown of what?

<p>Hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

Indirect (Conjugated) Bilirubin increases with?

<p>Hepatocellular disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

Direct (Unconjugated) Bilirubin increases with?

<p>Biliary obstruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

Prothrombin Time is a blood test that measures the time it takes for blood to clot and predicts the severity of the liver disease.

<p>How long it takes for blood to clot</p> Signup and view all the answers

A decrease of PT will ______ (increase/decrease) the clotting time.

<p>Increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hematocrit _______ (decreases/increases) with severe liver disease.

<p>Decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

LDH is an enzyme that produces....

<p>Energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

LDH levels (rises/decreases) in response to cell damage.

<p>Rises</p> Signup and view all the answers

Alpha Fetoprotein is a protein produced by a ______, and is elevated in pregnant women with liver disease.

<p>Fetus</p> Signup and view all the answers

___________ (Increased/Decreased) bilirubin produces dark urine.

<p>Increased</p> Signup and view all the answers

___________ (Increased/Decreased) bilirubin produces light stool.

<p>Decreased</p> Signup and view all the answers

Liver Damage is defined as...

<p>Damage to the hepatocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the causes of Liver Disease?

<p>Infection, injury, drugs, can be genetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary & late clinical signs of Liver Disease?

<p>Abdominal pain, lack of appetite, dyspepsia, malaise, nausea, vomiting, dark urine, light-colored stool, bloody or black stool. Late signs include itching, jaundice, increased abdominal girth, unusual weight change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the causes of Hepatomegaly?

<p>Inflammation, early biliary obstruction, congestion, tumors, cysts</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 4 Diffuse Liver Diseases?

<p>Fatty Liver Disease, Hepatitis, Cirrhosis, Portal Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the 3 phases of Hepatitis and how long they last.

<p>Incubation Period: Begins 2 weeks after exposure. Lasts 3-12 days. Icteric Phase: Lasts 2-6 weeks. Recovery Phase: Resolves 6-8 weeks after exposure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main Hepatitis LFT's?

<p>Increased AST, ALT, Increased Bilirubin, Normal to low WBC count</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the sonographic signs of Hepatitis?

<p>Usually normal in appearance, may show hepatomegaly and splenomegaly, diffuse decrease in echoes, increase in echoes of portal triads, and thickened GB wall.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fatty Infiltration, also known as Fatty Liver Disease, is common among people with?

<p>Diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of Grade 1 Fatty Liver Disease (Mild)?

<p>Increased echogenicity, slightly increased attenuation, normal visualization of diaphragm and vessels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of Grade 2 Fatty Liver Disease (Moderate)?

<p>Moderately increased echogenicity, slightly increased attenuation, normal visualization of diaphragm and vessels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of Grade 3 Fatty Liver Disease (Severe)?

<p>Greatly increased echogenicity, even more increased attenuation, poor visualization of diaphragm and vessels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the sonographic appearance of Cirrhosis?

<p>Portal venous obstruction, liver failure, coarse echo pattern, increased echogenicity, nodularity, enlarged caudate lobe, small left and right lobe.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Functions of the Liver

  • Enzyme production is vital for various biochemical reactions.
  • Plays a crucial role in digestion and metabolism.
  • Functions as a storage site for vitamins and minerals.
  • Responsible for detoxification of harmful substances.

Main Lobar Fissure

  • Separates the right and left lobes of the liver.
  • Contains the middle hepatic vein, which is a mnemonic to remember 'Main = Middle.'
  • Connects the gallbladder (GB) and inferior vena cava (IVC).

Right Intersegmental Fissure

  • Divides the right lobe into anterior and posterior segments.
  • Contains the right hepatic vein, aiding in liver segmentation.

Falciform Ligament

  • Located anterior to the liver; divides it into left and right portions.
  • Runs alongside the liver externally.

Ligamentum Teres

  • Also referred to as the round ligament.
  • Divides the left side of the liver into medial and lateral sections.

Ligamentum Venosum

  • Positioned between the left lobe and the caudate lobe of the liver.

Hepatic Veins Functions

  • Right hepatic vein divides the liver into anterior and posterior sections.
  • Middle hepatic vein divides the right and left lobes.
  • Left hepatic vein separates the left lobe into medial and lateral sections.

Liver Tests

  • Includes a variety of tests such as AST, ALT, albumin levels, urobilinogen, alkaline phosphate, bilirubin, prothrombin time, hematocrit, lactic acid dehydrogenase, and alpha fetoprotein.

Specific Liver Tests

  • AST: Enzyme found in the body; elevated levels indicate liver disease.
  • ALT: Liver enzyme; increases with liver disease.
  • Bilirubin: Breakdown product of hemoglobin; indicates liver function.
  • Prothrombin Time: Measures blood clotting; increased time suggests liver dysfunction.

Signs of Liver Disease

  • Primary: Abdominal pain, loss of appetite, dyspepsia, malaise, nausea and vomiting, dark urine, light stool, bloody stool.
  • Late: Jaundice, itching, increased abdominal girth, unusual weight changes.

Causes of Hepatomegaly

  • Includes inflammation, biliary obstruction, congestion, tumors, and cysts.

Diffuse Liver Disease

  • Encompasses diseases like fatty liver disease, hepatitis, cirrhosis, and portal hypertension.

Hepatitis Phases

  • Incubation Period: Occurs 2 weeks post-exposure; lasts 3-12 days.
  • Icteric Phase: Lasts 2-6 weeks with jaundice.
  • Recovery Phase: Resolutions within 6-8 weeks after exposure.

Hepatitis Laboratory Findings

  • Increased AST, ALT, and bilirubin levels.
  • Normal to low white blood cell (WBC) count.

Sonographic Signs in Hepatitis

  • Usually exhibits a normal appearance, with potential signs of hepatomegaly and splenomegaly.
  • Possible increased echoes of portal triads and thickening of the gallbladder wall.

Fatty Liver Disease

  • Commonly associated with diabetes.
  • Grade 1: Mild echogenicity with normal vessel visualization.
  • Grade 2: Moderate echogenicity, slightly increased attenuation.
  • Grade 3: Severe echogenicity and poor diaphragm visualization.

Cirrhosis Sonographic Appearance

  • Associated with portal venous obstruction and liver failure.
  • Characterized by coarse echo pattern, increased echogenicity, nodularity, enlarged caudate lobe, and shrunken left and right lobes.

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Description

Explore the intricate functions and anatomical structures of the liver, including its roles in digestion, metabolism, and detoxification. Learn about the different fissures and ligaments that define liver segmentation. This quiz provides essential insights into hepatic anatomy and physiology.

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