Liver Anatomy and Functions

<p>Beta cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diabetes mellitus. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excessive manufacture and release of VIP due to adenoma of D1 cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Higher vascularization. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Renal failure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypertrophy of SER and increase in mixed-function oxidases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Binds to copper and facilitates its elimination from the body (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence of well-developed muscularis mucosa (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Compound tubuloacinar gland (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Smooth appearance with few folds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glycogen is abundant after eating and decreases after fasting (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fibrosis and disintegration of normal liver structure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acinar cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intercellular spaces involved in fluid transport (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Septae (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Compound tubuloacinar gland (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cuboidal epithelial cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CCK &amp; ACh receptors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rich supply of polysomes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vary considerably in size and sometimes have columnar epithelium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Duodenum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Synthesizing and secreting digestive enzymes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To convert noxious substances into nontoxic materials (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Central vein (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Space of Möll (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hexagonal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blood flow dynamics and hepatocyte degeneration zones (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carries iron-rich blood from the spleen to the liver (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased lipid deposits in zone 3 hepatocytes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is characterized by a triangular shape with portal areas at the center. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inlet arterioles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dense irregular connective tissue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Zone 3 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Space of Disse (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type 3 collagen fibers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Store vitamin A (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endocytose particulate matter (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They manufacture primary bile. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tight junctions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Microvilli (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased drug effectiveness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pit cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The liver weighs approximately 1500 grams.

The liver is both an endocrine and exocrine gland, converting harmful substances into harmless ones.

Dense irregular connective tissue surrounding the liver, loosely attached at the porta hepatis.

Region where the hepatic artery, portal vein, and bile duct enter the liver.

Blood vessel supplying oxygenated blood to the liver.

Blood vessel carrying nutrient-rich blood from the digestive system to the liver.

Capillary-like spaces between hepatocytes, enabling blood filtration and exchange by hepatocytes.

Hexagon-shaped structures in the liver, with blood flow from the periphery to the center (central vein).

Hepatocytes that deliver bile to a specific bile duct.

Diamond-shaped region of hepatocytes based on blood flow and how they respond to damage.

Hepatocytes located in the zone with the lowest oxygen levels, making them most vulnerable to damage.

Narrow space between hepatocytes and sinusoidal lining cells, facilitating exchange of materials between blood and hepatocytes.

Cells in the Space of Disse that store vitamin A, produce collagen, and contribute to liver fibrosis.

Tiny channels between hepatocytes that collect bile, eventually leading to the bile duct.

Diamond-shaped region of hepatocytes organized based on blood flow and susceptibility to damage.

Sides of hepatocytes forming bile canaliculi, preventing leakage with tight junctions, and involved in bile production.

Part of hepatocytes facing the Space of Disse with microvilli for increased surface area for exchange with blood.

Hepatocytes are rich in organelles like ribosomes, RER, Golgi, mitochondria, endosomes, lysosomes and peroxisomes involved in bile production.

Long-term use of certain drugs, such as barbiturates, leads to an increase in Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) in hepatocytes.

Barbiturate users have increased SER content in Zone 3 hepatocytes, making them more vulnerable to liver damage.

Repeated drug exposure leads to an increase in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) and mixed-function oxidases in hepatocytes. This adaptation helps the liver process the drug more efficiently, resulting in drug tolerance.

The liver stores lipids primarily in the form of very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs). These lipid droplets are visible within hepatocytes.

Glycogen, the storage form of glucose, appears as electron-dense granules in hepatocytes. These granules are about 20-30 nm in size and are more abundant after a meal and fewer after fasting.

Cirrhosis is a serious liver condition characterized by fibrosis (scarring) due to degeneration of hepatocytes and disruption of the liver's normal organization. This can be triggered by alcoholism, biliary tract obstruction, or chronic poisoning.

A genetic disorder where the liver cannot eliminate copper efficiently, leading to its accumulation in the eyes, brain, and liver. This copper buildup can cause cirrhosis and be fatal if untreated. Penicillamine, a chelating agent, can help remove excess copper.

The inner lining of the gallbladder is made of simple columnar epithelium containing mucinogen-producing cells and short microvilli. This epithelium folds into tall parallel ridges that flatten as the gallbladder fills.

The basal region of gallbladder epithelial cells is rich in mitochondria. These mitochondria provide energy for the sodium-potassium pump (Na-K ATPase) located in the basolateral membrane, vital for fluid transport.

These are deep diverticula (outpouchings) found in the gallbladder epithelium. They contribute to fluid movement across the epithelium.

The intercellular spaces at the basal part of gallbladder epithelial cells are associated with the transport of fluid across this epithelium. These spaces are also common in intestinal absorptive cells.

The layer beneath the gallbladder epithelium contains loose connective tissue, elastic and collagen fibers. In the neck region, it houses simple tubuloalveolar glands that secrete mucus.

The pancreas is a compound tubuloacinar gland, with acini, intercalated ducts, intralobular ducts, interlobular ducts, and a main pancreatic duct. It has septae that divide it into lobules.

CA cells are pale, low cuboidal cells found at the terminus of intercalated ducts within the acini. They receive secretions from acini and contribute to the pancreatic duct system.

Acinar cells in the pancreas are responsible for synthesizing and secreting digestive enzymes. These cells are clustered together in grape-like structures called acini.

CCK (Cholecystokinin) and ACh (Acetylcholine) stimulate the release of digestive enzymes from acinar cells by binding to their receptors on the basal cell membrane.

Intercalated ducts receive secretions from acini and are lined with flat to cuboidal epithelium. They extend into the acinus to form centroacinar cells.

Intralobular ducts receive secretions from intercalated ducts and are lined with cuboidal epithelium, within the lobules. Interlobular ducts are found between lobules and have varying epithelium, from cuboidal to columnar, depending on size.

The main pancreatic duct receives secretions from interlobular ducts and joins the common bile duct to form the ampulla of Vater, where it releases pancreatic juice into the duodenum.

Secretin is a hormone that stimulates the secretion of bicarbonate ions from the pancreatic duct cells, helping to neutralize the acidic chyme from the stomach.

The main duct that collects pancreatic secretions from smaller ducts, eventually joining the bile duct before emptying into the duodenum.

Smaller ducts within the pancreas that collect secretions from acinar cells and deliver them to the main pancreatic duct.

Specialized epithelial cells located within the lumens of pancreatic acini, contributing to the formation of initial portions of interlobular ducts.

A serious inflammation of the pancreas characterized by the activation of digestive enzymes within the pancreatic cells, leading to tissue damage and potential life-threatening complications.

Specialized clusters of hormone-producing cells scattered throughout the pancreas, responsible for regulating blood sugar levels.

Cells within the islets of Langerhans that produce insulin, a hormone that lowers blood sugar.

An autoimmune disease where the body's immune system destroys beta cells in the pancreas, leading to insufficient insulin production and high blood sugar levels.

A rare condition caused by a tumor in the pancreas that produces excessive amounts of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), leading to watery diarrhea, low potassium levels, and low stomach acid.